Nationwide spatiotemporal drug resistance genetic profiling from over three decades in Indian Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax isolates

Table 1 Main mutations in Pf and Pv drug resistance genes analyzed in the study

Genes	Chromosome	Validated/candidate or putative markers	Main mutations investigated	Antimalarial drugs/classes
pfcrt	7	Validated	72S, 73K, 74I, 75E, 76T	CQ, AQ
pfdhfr	4	Validated	16V, 50R, 51I, 59R, 108N, 164L	Pyrimethamine, cycloguanil
pfdhps	8	Validated	431V, 436A/F, 437G, 540E, 581G, 613S/T	Sulfonamide, sulfadoxine, sulfone, dapsone
pfmdr1	5	Validated	86Y, 124F, 1034C, 1042D, 1246Y	CQ, AQ, L, MEF
pfk13	13	Validated	F446I, N458Y, C469Y, M476I, Y493H, R539T, I543T, P553L, R561H, P574L, C580Y, R622I and A675V	ART and its derivatives
pfk13	13	Candidate	P441L, G449A, C469F, A481V, R515K, P527H, N537I/D, G538V and V568G	ART and its derivatives
pvcrt-o	1	Putative	K10 (AAG insertion)	–
pvdhfr	5	Putative	57L/I, 58R, 61M, 117T/N, 173F	–
pvdhps	14	Putative	382F/A/C, 383G, 399I, 512M, 525G, 553G, 555R, 585G, 661V	–
pvmdr1	10	Putative	845F, 861E, 898E, 908L, 958M, 976F/V, 1076L/I/T	–
pvk12	12	Putative	88S, 124I, 552I, 581R, 697S	–

ART: artemisinin; AQ: amodiaquine; CQ: chloroquine; L: lumefantrine; MEF: mefloquine; Pf: P. falciparum; Pv: P. vivax; crt: chloroquine resistant transporter gene; crt-o: chloroquine resistant transporter orthologue gene; dhfr: dihydrofolate reductase gene; dhps: dihydropteroate synthase gene; mdr1: multidrug resistance protein 1 gene; k12: Kelch12 gene; k13: Kelch13 gene

ISSN: 1475-2875