Plasmodium falciparum genetic diversity and multiplicity of infection based on msp-1, msp-2, glurp and microsatellite genetic markers in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Mwesigwa, Alex; Ocan, Moses; Musinguzi, Benson; Nante, Rachel Wangi; Nankabirwa, Joaniter I.; Kiwuwa, Steven M.; Kinengyere, Alison Annet; Castelnuovo, Barbara; Karamagi, Charles; Obuku, Ekwaro A.; Nsobya, Samuel L.; Mbulaiteye, Sam M.; Byakika-Kibwika, Pauline

doi:10.1186/s12936-024-04925-y

Table 2 Summary of P. falciparum genetic diversity and MOI

From: Plasmodium falciparum genetic diversity and multiplicity of infection based on msp-1, msp-2, glurp and microsatellite genetic markers in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis

First author and year	Country	Malaria clinical category	Age group	Number genotyped	Genotyped marker (s)	Genetic diversity							MOI
						msp-1 allelic frequencies				msp-2 allelic frequencies		*glurp*
						Mean He	%K1	%MAD20	%RO33	%IC/3D7	% FC27	*Number of haplotypes*	Prevance of polyclonal infections	Mean MOI
Cross sectional studies
Chekol et al. 2022 [46]	Ethiopia	Asymptomatic	Children and adults	50	msp-1 and msp-2	0.23	46.5	65	37.2	90.7	62.8		50	1.56
Amoah et al.2021 [47]	Ghana	Asymptomatic	Children	119	Microsatellites	0.56–0.8							89.9	1.7
Touray et al. 2020 [16]	Kenya	Asymptomatic	Children	95	Microsatellites	0.81							79.69	3.39
Abukari et al. 2019 [48]	Ghana	Asymptomatic	Children and adults	160	msp-2 and Microsatellites	0.67–0.69				68	24		45.-68	1.37
Mulenge et al. 2016 [49]	Kenya	Asymptomatic	NR	198	Microsatellites	0.84							80	2.8
Simpson et al. 2023 [17]	DRC	Asymptomatic and Symptomatic	Children	438	msp-1 and msp-2		78	52	44	84	66		63	1.99
Gnagne et al. 2019 [50]	Cote d’Ivoire	Asymptomatic and Symptomatic	Children	282	msp-1 and msp-2		81.6	53.4	57	84.3	72.2		85	3.16
Nabet et al. 2016 [51]	Mali	Asymptomatic and Symptomatic	Children and adults	156	Microsatellites	0.77							58.9	1.72
Apinjoh et al. 2015 [52]	Cameroon	Asymptomatic and symptomatic	Children and adults	151	msp-1		90.2(AS),71.6(SY)	52.5 (AS) 55.6 (SY)	42.6 (AS), 46.9(SY)				60	2.33
Gatei et al. 2015 [53]	Kenya	Asymptomatic and Symptomatic	Children	235	Microsatellites	0.77							89	2.65
Oyedeji et al. 2013 [54]	Nigeria	Asymptomatic and Symptomatic	Children	320	msp-2					38 (AS); 51 (SY)	59(AS); 45(SY)		62(AS); 60(SY)	2.0 (SY), 2.1 (AS)
Agomo et al. 2022 [55]	Nigeria	Symptomatic	Children	63	msp-1	0.64	52	35	87				63.1	1.98
Tadele et al. 2022 [19]	Ethiopia	Symptomatic	Children and adults	225	msp-1 and msp-2	0.09	25.5 (HTS); 14.5(LTS)	87.2(HTS); 92.7 (LTS)	5 (HTS); 5.45 (LTS)	97.8 (HTS); 98.3 (LTS)	97.8 (HTS); 98.3 (LTS)		16.3	1.09
File et al. 2022 [56]	Ethiopia	Symptomatic	Children and adults	148	msp-2	0.49				31.8	27.7		40.5	1.4
Ajogbasile et al. 2021[57]	Nigeria	Symptomatic	Children	633	Microsatellites	0.804							67.1	NR
Gwarinda et al.2021[58]	S. Africa	Symptomatic	Adults	747	Microsatellites	0.74							66	2.13
Agaba et al. 2021 [59]	Uganda	Symptomatic	Children	85	Microsatellites								75.5	1.9
Oyedeji et al. 2020 [60]	Nigeria	Symptomatic	Children	93	msp-2					39.5	60.5		65.6	2.31
Papa Mze et al. 2020 [61]	Comoros	Symptomatic	NR	151	msp-1, msp-2 and SNPS	0.715	55	15.2	3.2	38.7	47.4		80.6	1.43
Ndiaye et al. 2019 [62]	Senegal	Symptomatic	Children and adults	138	msp-1 and msp-2	0.394–0.637	71	31	38	83	48		36	2.56
Mohammed et al. 2019 [63]	Ethiopia	Symptomatic	Adults	118	msp-1 and msp-2		45.8	22	27.1	49.2	58.5		64.4	2.2
Nderu et al. 2019 [64]	Kenya	Symptomatic	NR	201	Microsatellites	0.76							51	1.8
Roh et al. 2019 [65]	Eswatini	Symptomatic	Children and adults	666	Microsatellites	0.75							67	2.2
Sane et al. 2019 [20]	Senegal	Symptomatic	Children and adults	71	msp-1 and msp-2		Micro 93.54; Submicro 87.5	Micro 60; Submicro54.83	Micro 41.93; Sub micro 22.5	Micro 61.29; Submicro 32.5	Micro 41.93, Submicr 10		35.48	msp-1 1.7–2.12 msp-2 1.03–1.60
Huang et al. 2018 [66]	Comoros	Symptomatic	Children	232	msp-1 and msp-2		51.8 (2006–2007); 41.8(2013–2016)	42.9 (2006–2007); 23.6 (2013–2016)	84.8 (2006–2007); 63.4 (2006–2007)	90.8(2006–2007); 37.1(2013–2016)	71.6(2006–2007); 91.1(2013–2016)		76.7(2006–2007); 28.3(2013–2016)	2.2
Chen et al. 2018 [22]	Equatorial Guinea	Symptomatic	Children and adults	181	msp-1 and msp-2		96.07	96.69	70.78	72.25	97.69		98.88	5.51
Niang et al. 2017 [67]	Senegal	Symptomatic	Children and adults	160	msp-1 and msp-2		89.37	87.5	62.5	96.25	29.37		msp-1 92.5; msp-2 28.75	2.23
Kolawole et al. 2016 [68]	Nigeria	Symptomatic	NR	50	msp-1 msp-2 and glurp	0.29–0.86	56	48	42	27.1	43.8	≥ 2	59	1.85
Mahdi Abdel Hamid et al. 2016 [69]	Sudan	Symptomatic	Children and adults	140	msp-1, msp-2 and glurp		38 (MM); 46 (SM)	55.5 (MM);42 (SM)	51 (MM); 50(SM)	76(MM); 62(SM)	77(MM); 68 (SM)		81	2.25
Kateera et al. 2016 [70]	Rwanda	Symptomatic	Children and adults	388	msp-2	0.413				70	68		44.6	1.73
Mawili-Mboumba, et al. 2015 [71]	Gabon	Symptomatic	Children	168	msp-1		65.5	20.8	55.9				50	1.72
Bouyou-Akotet et al. 2015 [72]	Gabon	Symptomatic	Children	112	msp-1		63.4	33.9	57.1				50	1.8
Ahmedou Salem et al. 2014 [73]	Mauritania	Symptomatic	Children and adults	113	msp-1		90	68.1	65.5				82.3	3.2
Oyebola et al. 2014 [37]	Nigeria	Symptomatic	Children and adults	536	msp-1 and msp-2		60	50	45	55	62		50	1.4
Kiwuwa et al. 2013 [74]	Uganda	Symptomatic	Children	164	msp-1, msp-2 and glurp		82.9 (SM), 85.4(MM)	50 both SM and MM	48.8(SM); 37.8(MM)	92.7 Both SM and MM	86.8(SM) and 78(MM)	5 (360–1250 bp)	80.4	3.7 (SM) and 3.0 (MM)
Hamid et al. 2013 [75]	Sudan	Symptomatic	Children and adults	39	msp-1 and msp-2		31	39	41	59	64		62	1.93
Ogouyemi-Hounto et al. 2013 [36]	Benin	Symptomatic	Children	93	msp-1 and msp-2		85.2	67	82.9	81.5	98.9		89.4	3.8
Olasehinde et al. 2012 [76]	Nigeria	Symptomatic	NR	100	msp-1, msp-2 and glurp		68	40	20	76	56	5 (700–900 bp)	NR	1.87
Awaga et al. 2012[77]	Togo	Symptomatic	Children	309	msp-1 and msp-2		54.58	25	20.42	48.29	51.71		26.16(MM)28.67 (SM)	3
RCT/Cohort studies
Mohammed et al. 2021 [78]	Ethiopia	Symptomatic	Children and adults	41	msp-2	0.5				34.1	22		40.4	1.2
Abamecha et al. 2020 [79]	Ethiopia	Symptomatic	Children and adults	80	msp-1 and msp-2	0.43–0.85	20.8	4.2	4.2	15.9	26.1		80	3.2
Sondo et al. 2020 [24]	Burkina Faso	Symptomatic	Children and adults	724	msp-1 and msp-2		51	27	22	58	42		NR	2.73
Singana et al.2019 [80]	DRC	Symptomatic	Children	71	msp-1 and msp-2	0.68–0.93	41	35	24	49.6	48.8		86	2.64
Mohammed et al. 2018 [81]	Ethiopia	Symptomatic	Children and adults	90	msp-1, msp-2 and glurp	0.2–0.82	41.1	47.7	35.7	76	77	9 (301–800 bp)	70	2.6
Somé et al. 2018 [21]	Burkina Faso	Symptomatic	Children	228	msp-1 and msp-2		77.4	41.3	36	93.1	41.3		61.9	1.95
Mohammed et al. 2017 [82]	Ethiopia	Symptomatic	Children and adults	92	msp-2	0.66				51	49		76	2.8
Kidima, W., et al.2015 [83]	Tanzania	Symptomatic	Children	82	msp-2					48.1	27.3		50	1.4
Mohammed, H., et al.2015 [84]	Ethiopia	Symptomatic	Children and adults	88	msp-1 and msp-2	0.54–0.79	33.9	8.5	15.2	21.5	10.3		60	1.8
Ibara-Okabande 2012 [85]	DRC	Symptomatic	Children	52	msp-2					43	57		54	1.78
Sumari et al. 2010 [86]	Tanzania	Symptomatic	Children	300	msp-2					52.5	47.5		60.6	1.45
Aubouy et al. 2003 [87]	Gabon	Symptomatic	Children	52	msp-1 and msp-2		90.4	63.5	36.5	82.7	65.4		NR	4
Peyerl-Hoffman et al. 2001[88]	Uganda	Symptomatic	Children and adults	225	msp-1 and msp-2		81.1	41.3	35.5	66.7	55.6		71	2.4

AS-Asymptomatic, DRC – Democratic Republic of Congo, glurp-Glutamate rich protein, He- Expected heterozygosity, HTS-High malaria transmission setting, LTS- Low malaria transmission setting, Micro-Microscopic parasitemia, MM-Mild malaria, MOI- multiplicity of infection, msp-Merozoite surface protein, NR-Not reported, Ref-Reference, RCT-Randomized controlled trial, Sub micro-submicroscopic parasitemia, SM-severe malaria, SY-Symptomatic

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