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Table 4 Predictors of a risk of obtaining false positive RDT results among individuals with negative blood smears as determinants of RDT specificity in the longitudinal study and CSS in Korogwe and Muheza districts

From: Accuracy of malaria rapid diagnostic tests in community studies and their impact on treatment of malaria in an area with declining malaria burden in north-eastern Tanzania

Variable/covariate

Longitudinal study

CSS

 

Specificity (%)

Unadjusted

OR(-value)

Adjusted

OR(p-value)

Specificity (%)

Unadjusted

OR(-value)

Adjusted

OR(p-value)

RDT type

      

Paracheck

6216/7226(86.0)

reference

reference

1857/2018(92.0)

reference

reference

Parahit

6475/7164(90.4)

0.65(< 0.001)

0.48(< 0.001)

2580/2687(96.0)

0.40(< 0.001)

0.53(< 0.001)

Age group

      

< 5 years

3119/3441(93.6)

reference

reference

1738/1847(94.1)

reference

reference

≥5 years

9497/10979(86.5)

2.30(< 0.001)

2.86(< 0.001)

2699/2858(94.4)

0.93(0.625)

1.01(0.935)

Fever (axillary temperature ≥37.5°C)

      

No fever

9492/10555(90.1)

reference

reference

4309/4563(94.4)

reference

reference

With fever

3198/3856(82.9)

1.88(< 0.001)

2.40(< 0.001)

98/111(88.3)

2.25(0.007)

2.84(0.001)

Year*

      

2007

3707/4396(84.3)

reference

reference

917/977(93.9)

reference

reference

2008

3944/4678(84.3)

1.00(0.982)

0.57(< 0.001)

940/1041(90.3)

1.64(0.003)

0.97(0.850)

2009

3502/3753(93.3)

0.38(< 0.001)

0.28(< 0.001)

1230/1305(94.3)

0.93(0.693)

0.99(0.955)

2010

1537/1563(98.3)

0.09(< 0.001)

0.10(< 0.001)

1350/1382(97.7)

0.36(< 0.001)

0.38(< 0.001)

Location**

      

Highland

4642/5381(86.3)

reference

reference

1321/1340(98.6)

reference

reference

Lowland

8049/9009(89.3)

0.75(< 0.001)

0.74(< 0.001)

3116/3365(92.6)

5.55(< 0.001)

7.33(< 0.001)

  1. RDT = Malaria rapid diagnostic tests, CSS = cross-sectional surveys, OR = odds ratio
  2. *Year of study was used to represent malaria parasite prevalence in both studies.
  3. **Geographical location of the villages based on altitude indicating level of malaria transmission