Figure 4

Lower lethal temperatures for 50% of the sample population (LLT ₅₀ ) ± 95% confidence intervals for Anopheles funestus (left of the dashed line) and Anopheles arabiensis (right of the dashed line) larval, pupal and adult stages. LLT₅₀ data for adults include the influence of sex and age for both species. Differences in lower case letters indicate significant differences between groups, within and amongst species, while numbers below each line indicate sample size. Adults were exposed to temperature treatments for a period of four hours and larvae and pupae, for a period of two hours.