Plasmodium falciparum parasitaemia in the first half of pregnancy, uterine and umbilical artery blood flow, and foetal growth: a longitudinal Doppler ultrasound study

Table 2 The effect of early pregnancy malaria parasitaemia on subsequent intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR)

	Early pregnancy malaria parasitaemia		No early pregnancy malaria parasitaemia
	RR	(95% CI)	RR	(95% CI)
IUGR
Unadjusted	1.8	(1.1, 2.9)	1.0	Ref.
Adjusted^ab
Primigravidae	3.6	(2.1, 6.2)	1.1	(0.6, 1.9)
Multigravidae	1.4	(0.8, 2.5)	1.0	Ref.
Repeat IUGR
Unadjusted	2.2	(1.1, 4.2)	1.0	Ref.
Adjusted^cd
Primigravidae	5.6	(2.8, 11.3)	1.2	(0.5, 3.0)
Multigravidae	1.4	(0.6, 3.6)	1.0	Ref.

GEE, generalized estimating equation; IUGR, intrauterine growth restriction; RR, risk ratios; MUAC, mid-upper arm circumference.
a. Adjusted for foetal sex and low baseline MUAC.
b. Interaction term (early pregnancy malaria parasitaemia*primigravidae) p = 0.035.
c. Adjusted for foetal sex and low baseline MUAC.
d. Interaction term (early pregnancy malaria parasitaemia*primigravidae) p = 0.06.
GEE log-binomial model estimated unadjusted and adjusted risk ratios (RR) for the effect of early pregnancy malaria parasitaemia on subsequent IUGR episodes and repeat IUGR episodes (n = 544). Adjusted models stratified by gravidity. Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo, 2005–2006.