Implications of bio-efficacy and persistence of insecticides when indoor residual spraying and long-lasting insecticide nets are combined for malaria prevention

Table 1 Results of the insecticide susceptibility tests conducted on wild female Anopheles gambiae s.l mosquitoes ^♣

Insecticide tested	Total no. exposed	Knock Down (KD)								Mortality
		10 min	15 min	20 min	30 min	40 min	50 min	60 min	%KD 60 min	Total no. dead	% Dead	Class
Control	123	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	0.8	1.0	0.8	-
4% DDT	124	0	0	7	44	94	114	118	95.2	124.0	100.0	***
0.75% Permethrin	125	0	8	20	71	95	122	124	99.2	119.0	95.2	**
0.05% Lambda cyhalothrin	123	0	0	2	23	60	81	92	74.8	111.0	90.2	**
0.05% Deltamethrin	96	0	5	16	37	60	74	79	85.9	92	95.8	**
0.4% Dieldrin	124	0	0	0	0	0	2	3	2.4	120.0	96.8	**

^♣ 96% of mosquitoes of this species complex in the study area at the time were identified by PCR as Anopheles arabiensis.
Class (Susceptibility grading).
*** The percentage mortality value indicates 100% susceptibility.
** The percentage mortality value indicates insecticide tolerance and possibility of resistance that needs to be confirmed.