Table 4 Incidence of mortality in adult patients presenting to the medical ward at Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital with sepsis (Multivariable regression model adjusted for predictors of mortality that met inclusion by a p-value <0.25 in the univariable model)
From: Malaria is an uncommon cause of adult sepsis in south-western Uganda
Characteristic | Incidence of mortality | Incidence rate ratio | 95% CI | p-value | Adjusted incidence rate ratio | 95% CI | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Entire cohort | 19.4 | -- | -- | -- | |||
Age (each 10 years) | -- | 1.02 | 0.84 – 1.27 | 0.78 | -- | ||
Male (REF) | 24.5 | ||||||
Female | 14.6 | 0.59 | 0.32 – 1.11 | 0.10* | 0.57 | 0.29 – 1.10 | 0.10 |
Single (REF) | 22.0 | -- | |||||
Married | 17.9 | 0.81 | 0.44 – 1.49 | 0.51 | |||
Educational attainment | |||||||
Less than primary (REF) | 17.8 | ||||||
Greater than primary | 27.8 | 1.56 | 0.77 – 3.18 | 0.22* | 1.45 | 0.70 – 3.03 | 0.32 |
Clinical characteristics | |||||||
No antibiotics prior (REF) | 18.8 | -- | |||||
Antibiotics prior | 21.6 | 1.15 | 0.58 – 2.28 | 0.69 | |||
No fever (REF) | 31.8 | ||||||
Fever | 14.4 | 0.45 | 0.25 – 0.83 | 0.01* | 0.46 | 0.24 – 0.88 | 0.02 |
No tachycardia (REF) | 23.1 | -- | |||||
Tachycardia | 18.6 | 0.81 | 0.39 – 1.69 | 0.57 | |||
No tachypnea (REF) | 12.5 | -- | |||||
Tachypnea | 19.7 | 1.57 | 0.22 – 11.46 | 0.65 | |||
No hypotension (REF) | 19.5 | -- | |||||
Hypotension | 19.4 | 0.99 | 0.51 – 1.94 | 0.99 | |||
GCS >9 (REF) | 17.1 | ||||||
Glasgow Coma Score <9 | 75.0 | 4.39 | 1.85 – 10.44 | <0.01* | 4.81 | 1.80 – 12.8 | <0.01 |
Sepsis (REF) | 11.2 | ||||||
Severe sepsis | 27.4 | 2.44 | 1.24 – 4.78 | 0.01* | 2.07 | 1.03 – 4.14 | 0.04 |
No aenemia (REF) | 21.3 | -- | |||||
Anaemia | 17.2 | 0.81 | 0.43 – 1.50 | 0.50 | |||
No leuckocytosis (REF) | 18.3 | -- | |||||
Leukocytosis | 29.2 | 1.59 | 0.71 – 3.58 | 0.26 | |||
No thrombocytopaenia (REF) | 17.5 | -- | |||||
Thrombocytopaenia | 21.2 | 1.21 | 0.65 – 2.24 | 0.55 | |||
No lactic acidosis (REF) | 13.1 | -- | |||||
Lactic acidosis | 28.1 | 2.14 | 1.14 – 4.01 | 0.02* | |||
HIV seronegative (REF) | 19.2 | -- | |||||
HIV seropositive | 19.7 | 1.03 | 0.56 – 1.89 | 0.93 | |||
Definitive diagnosis at discharge | |||||||
Negative blood culture (REF) | 17.9 | ||||||
Positive blood culture | 26.8 | 1.50 | 0.75 – 2.98 | 0.25* | 1.40 | 0.68 – 2.87 | 0.36 |
Negative or no sputum smear for AFB (REF) | 18.8 | -- | |||||
Positive AFB sputum smear | 25.0 | 1.33 | 0.56 – 3.16 | 0.51 | |||
No confirmed malaria (REF) | 19.1 | -- | |||||
Confirmed malaria | 33.3 | 1.75 | 0.43 – 7.24 | 0.44 | |||
Clinical diagnosis at discharge | |||||||
Not malaria (REF) | 20.2 | -- | |||||
Malaria | 11.1 | 0.55 | 0.13 – 2.28 | 0.41 | |||
Not tuberculosis (REF) | 17.4 | -- | |||||
Tuberculosis | 24.6 | 1.41 | 0.75 – 2.65 | 0.28 | |||
Not enteric fever REF) | 20.3 | -- | |||||
Enteric fever | 10.5 | 0.52 | 0.12 – 2.15 | 0.36 | |||
Not pneumonia (REF) | 21.9 | -- | |||||
Pneumonia | 12.5 | 0.57 | 0.24 – 1.29 | 0.18 | |||
Not fever of unknown origin (REF) | 19.1 | -- | |||||
Fever of unknown origin | 23.5 | 1.23 | 0.44 – 3.45 | 0.69 | |||
No other diagnosis (REF) | 18.5 | -- | |||||
Other diagnosis, or unspecified | 21.5 | 1.16 | 0.61 – 2.21 | 0.65 |