The economic costs of malaria in children in three sub-Saharan countries: Ghana, Tanzania and Kenya

Malaria Journal

Table 1 Model inputs and main sources

Country and age range	Clinical/Epidemiological data						Treatment-seeking behaviour
	UM	MO	SA	CerM*	CerM + NS*	CFR	No treatment	Health facility	Pharmacy/ shop	Traditional treatment
Ghana
2-15 months	0.64-1 [25]	0.06 [25]	0.006 [25]	0.015 [25]	0.12-0.15	0.0141 [25]	0.3	0.545	0.15	0.005
16-24 months	0.33-0.65 [25]	0.03 [25]	0.003 [25]	0.02 [25]	0.12-0.15	0.0157 [25]
0-24 months	0.65-1 [26]	0.05 [27]	0.03 [26]	0.022-0.08 [28, 29]	0.12-0.15	0.003**
3-18 months	0.84-1 [27]	0.05 [27]	0.44 [27]	0.022-0.08 [28, 29]	0.12-0.15	0.003**
3-59 months	0.51-0.63 [30]	0.004 [30]	0.02 [30]	0.022-0.08 [28, 29]	0.12-0.15	0.003**
Tanzania
2-12 months	0.49 [31]	0.04 [32]	0.13 [31]	0.022-0.08 [28, 29]	0.12-0.15	0.0051**	0.26	0.62	0.1167	0.005
2-11 months	0.16-0.24 [32]	0.04 [32]	0.25 [32]	0.022-0.08 [28, 29]	0.12-0.15	0.0051**
12-23 months	0.39-0.50 [32]	0.05 [32]	0.24 [32]	0.022-0.08 [28, 29]	0.12-0.15	0.0051**
0-59 months	0.28 [33]	0.05 [32]	0.24 [32]	0.022-0.08 [28, 29]	0.12-0.15	0.0051**
Kenya
0-12 months	0.14-1 [34]	0.21 [34]	0.23 [34]	0.022-0.08 [28, 29]	0.12-0.15	0.0053**	0.32	0.45	0.224	0.0086
10-24 months	0.17-1 [34]	0.21 [34]	0.23 [34]	0.022-0.08 [28, 29]	0.12-0.15	0.0053**	0.32	0.45	0.224	0.0086
0-24 months	0.67-0.86 [35]	0.21 [34]	0.26 [35]	0.022-0.08 [28, 29]	0.12-0.15	0.0053**

Notes: All clinical/epidemiological values represent probabilities. UM uncomplicated malaria, MO malaria hospitalization, SA severe anaemia, CerM cerebral malaria, CerM + NS cerebral malaria and neurological sequelae, CFR case fatality rate: percentage of clinical cases with fatal outcome. *CerM represents the proportion of hospitalizations clinically considered as cerebral malaria while CerM + NS the proportion of CerM with neurological sequelae. **Most CFR were calculated as average ratios among number of malaria deaths in U5 children/number of malaria cases in U5 children taken from World Malaria Reports (from year 2000 up to 2009). Triangular distributions were used when only one value is presented (assuming a range of 15% lower and higher). Uniform distributions were used where two values are presented. Ranges for severe anemia were constructed based on Murphy et al.[36]. Main data sources on neurological sequelae were taken from Bassat et al.[28]. References for treatment-seeking behaviour are Demographic and Health surveys of each of the three countries [37–39]. Values are the percentage of people who sought treatment among whom with fever in the two weeks previous the survey.

ISSN: 1475-2875