Table 3 Summary of anti-malarial terpenoids derived from the African flora, part 1: clerodanes, labdanes, limonoids, bisnorterpenes and acyclic triterpenes

Clerodane and labdane diterpenoids

64 to 70

Nuxia sphaerocephala (Loganiaceae)

Leaves

Ankazobe, Madagascar

Mambu et al.[83]

71 to 74

Aframomum latifolium or sceptrum (Zingiberaceae)

Fruits and Leaves

Acrra, Ghana

Duker-Eshun et al.[84]

75, 76 and 77

Turreanthus africanus (Meliaceae)

Seeds

Mt. Cameroon, Cameroon

Ngemenya et al.[85]

78, 79, 80, and 81

Aframomum zambesiacum (Zingiberaceae)

Seeds

Nyasoso, Cameroon

Kenmogne et al. [86]

74^{a, b}, 82^a and 83^b

Aframomum

Seeds^a

Mogbi, Cameroon^a

Ayimele et al. [87]^a

escapum ^a

Fruits and leaves^b

(Zingiberaceae) Aframomum latifolium and sceptrum^b

Acrra, Ghana^b

Duker-Eshun et al.[84]^b

(Zingiberaceae)

84, 85, 86, and 87

Aframomum arundinaceum (Zingiberaceae)

Seeds

Maha, Cameroon

Wabo et al.[88]

Limonoids

88

Vepris uguenensis (Rutaceae)

Roots

Baringo District, Kenya

Cheplogoi et al.[73], Kiplimo [73]

89, 90, 91, 92, and 93

Khaya grandifoliola (Meliaceae)

Bark and seeds

Foumban, Cameroon

Bickii et al.[89]

94 and 95

Entandrophragma angolense (Meliaceae)

Stem bark

Awae forest reserve, Cameroon

Bickii et al.[90]

96, 97, 98, and 99

Ekebergia capensis (Zingiberaceae)

Stem bark

Mt Kenya, Kenya

Murata et al.[91]

Bisnorterpenes

100, 101, 102, and 103

Salacia madagascariensis (Celastraceae)

Roots

Tanzania

Thiem et al.[92]

Acyclic triterpenes

104, 105, 106, and 107

Ekebergia capensis (Zingiberaceae)

Stem bark

Mt Kenya, Kenya

Murata et al.[91]

108

Aframomum escapum (Zingiberaceae)

Seeds

Mogbi, Cameroon

Ayimele et al. [87]

Lopez et al. [93]