Networking the host immune response in Plasmodium vivax malaria

Malaria Journal

Table 3 Assessment of inflammatory damage in the study subjects stratified by Plasmodium vivax malaria clinical outcome

Biomarker	Endemic controls	Asymptomatic malaria	Symptomatic malaria	Severe malaria: Survivors	Severe malaria: Deaths	P value	P value
Biomarker	Endemic controls	Asymptomatic malaria	Symptomatic malaria	Severe malaria: Survivors	Severe malaria: Deaths	1	2
	n=176	n=148	n=187	n=13	n=6
Total bilirubin mg/dL	0.7	0.8	1.2	1.8	2.1	<0.001	<0.001
Total bilirubin mg/dL	(0.5-1.1)	(0.5-1.2)	(0.8-1.9)	(1.5-2.5)	(1.2-3.2)	<0.001	<0.001
Direct bilirubin mg/dL	0.3	0.4	0.4	0.6	1.1	<0.001	<0.001
Direct bilirubin mg/dL	(0.2-0.4)	(0.3-0.8)	(0.3-0.8)	(0.4-1.3)	(0.3-1.7)	<0.001	<0.001
Indirect bilirubin mg/dL	0.4	0.3	0.7	1.1	1.2	<0.001	<0.001
Indirect bilirubin mg/dL	(0.3-0.6)	(0.2-0.4)	(0.4-1.2)	(0.8-1.3)	(0.9-1.3)	<0.001	<0.001
AST U/L	43.3	56.4	167	201.0	268.4	<0.001	<0.001
	(34-56.3)	(35.5-87.5)	(81.5-506)	(87-302)	(160-340)	<0.001	<0.001
ALT U/L	40.9	44.9	180	201.1	278.8	<0.001	<0.001
	(33.5-54)	(32-69.4)	(123–438)	(190-304)	(175-342.9)	<0.001	<0.001
Creatinine mg/dL	1.2	1.2	1.3	1.7	2.4	<0.001	<0.001
Creatinine mg/dL	(1.1-1.3)	(1.0-1.3)	(1.2-1.4)	(1.3-2.5)	(1.9-2.5)	<0.001	<0.001
CRP mg/L	5.2	7.9	15.5	13.2	34.4	<0.001	<0.001
	(3.8-9.7)	(4.8-12.3)	(8.2-32.8)	(6.7-47.5)	(16.4-50.7)	<0.001	<0.001
Fibrinogen mg/dL	234.0	302.3	374.5	415.5	437.7	<0.001	<0.001
Fibrinogen mg/dL	(198-305)	(210.4-377.5)	(234-485.6)	(374-498)	(348.5-530.8)	<0.001	<0.001

Note: Data represent median values and interquartile ranges. P value 1 was obtained using Kruskal-Wallis test, whereas P value 2 was calculated using Linear trend post test.
CRP: C-reactive protein.

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