|
Risk factors
|
>7 days hospitalization % (event/total number)
|
Odd ratio [95% confidence interval]*
|
P - value*
|
Adjusted odd ratio [95% confidence interval]*
|
P - value*
|
|---|
|
Species of infection
$
|
|
Plasmodium vivax
|
12 (70/585)
|
Reference
| |
Reference
| |
|
Plasmodium falciparum
|
38.3 (121/316)
|
4.57 [3.26 - 6.40]
|
<0.001
|
3.15 [2.16 - 4.60]
|
<0.001
|
|
Age
|
|
Up to 40 years
|
18.4 (115/626)
|
Reference
| | |
|
Between 41–60 years
|
30.2 (75/248)
|
1.99 [1.41 - 2.81]
|
<0.001
| | |
|
More than 60 years
|
22.9 (11/48)
|
1.39 [0.69 - 2.81]
|
0.36
| | |
|
Gender
|
|
Male
|
20.8 (158/760)
|
1.37 [0.93 - 2.03]
|
0.11
| | |
|
Female
|
26.5 (43/162)
|
Reference
| | |
|
More than 3 days of fever
|
25.9 (165/638)
|
2.62 [1.74 - 3.95]
|
<0.001
|
2.12 [1.33 - 3.39]
|
0.002
|
|
Determinants of severity
|
|
Cerebral malaria
|
60 (15/25)
|
5.73 [2.53 - 12.95]
|
<0.001
| | |
|
Spontaneous bleeding
|
42.3 (30/71)
|
2.91 [ 1.76 - 4.79]
|
<0.001
| | |
|
Pulmonary oedema/ARDS
|
43.8 (28/64)
|
3.08 [1.83 - 5.18]
|
<0.001
| | |
|
Liver dysfunction
|
51.1 (24/47)
|
4.11 [2.27 - 7.45]
|
<0.001
| | |
|
Severe anaemia
|
50 (17/34)
|
3.81 [1.91 - 7.61]
|
<0.001
| | |
|
Haemoglobinuria
|
72 (18/25)
|
10.06 [4.14 - 24.45]
|
<0.001
|
4.69 [1.63 - 13.56]
|
0.004
|
|
Renal failure
|
62.5 (30/48)
|
7.26 [ 3.91 - 13.46]
|
<0.001
|
2.20 [1.06 - 4.55]
|
0.035
|
|
Respiratory distress
|
32.5 (13/40)
|
1.78 [0.90 - 3.51]
|
0.10
| | |
|
Metabolic acidosis
|
61.5 (8/13)
|
5.93 [1.92 - 18.32]
|
0.002
| | |
|
Hyperparasitaemia
|
40 (4/10)
|
2.42 [0.68 - 8.65]
|
0.18
| | |
|
Hypoglycaemia
|
0
|
#
|
#
|
#
|
#
|
|
Shock
|
54.5 (6/11)
|
4.40 [1.33 - 14.57]
|
0.02
|
4.88 [1.17 - 20.42]
|
0.03
|
|
Other abnormal lab parameters
|
|
Leucocytosis (≥11,000/mm3)
|
53.1 (26/49)
|
4.59 [2.54 - 8.30]
|
<0.001
|
2.29 [1.13 - 4.64]
|
0.02
|
|
Leucopaenia (≤4,000/mm3)
|
20.7 (35/169)
|
0.89 [0.59 - 1.34]
|
0.57
| | |
|
Severe thrombocytopaenia (≤40,000/mm3)
|
37.3 (76/204)
|
0.36 [0.25 - 0.51]
|
<0.001
|
1.93 [1.29 - 2.88]
|
0.001
|
- *Confidence intervals that do not overlap the null value of odds ratio = 1, and P-value <0.05 are shown in bold font.
- #Statistics could not be computed.
- ^Patients with mortality outcome were excluded from analysis.
- $Mixed infection was excluded due to insufficient cohort size.
