Table 1 Trial participants, interventions and outcomes

[20]

21 children aged 2 to 14 years in Niger

(1) Intrarectal (8 mg/kg; gluconate cream)

(2) Intramuscular (4.7 mg/kg)

(3) Intravenous (4.7 mg/kg)

All 8 hourly for 3 days

Death, parasite clearance by day 7, adverse events

[24]

66 children aged 2 to 15 years in Niger

(1) Intrarectal (11.8 mg/kg; given as Quinimax^® diluted with water in a syringe)

(2) Intravenous (7.4 mg/kg)

(3) Intramuscular (7.4 mg/kg)

All 12 hourly for 3 days

Death, parasite clearance time, parasite clearance by day 7, fever clearance time, adverse events

[25]

77 children aged 2 to 15 years in Niger

(1) Intrarectal (11.8 mg/kg once then 8.8 mg/kg 8 hourly for 2 days; Quinimax^® solution diluted in water via a syringe)

(2) Intravenous (4.7 mg/kg 8 hourly for 2 days)

Death, parasite clearance time, fever clearance time, days in hospital, coma recovery time, time until drinking began, adverse events

[26]

48 children aged 2 to 15 years in Burkina Faso

(1) Intrarectal (bichlorhydrate diluted in a syringe)

(2) Intrarectal (cinchona alkaloid diluted in a syringe)

(3) Intravenous (bichlorhydrate)

(4) Intravenous (cinchona alkaloid)

All 8 mg/kg quinine 8 hourly for 2 days

Parasite clearance by 48 hours and 7 days

[27]

15 children aged 2 to 14 years in Niger

(1) Intravenous (4.74 mg/kg)

(2) Intramuscular (4.74 mg/kg)

(3) Intrarectal (11.85 mg/kg)

All single dose

Death, parasite clearance by day 7, adverse events

[28]

64 children aged 0 to 15 years in Togo

(1) Intrarectal (15 mg/kg: Quinimax^® solution diluted in a syringe)

(2) Intramuscular (12.5 mg/kg) Both 12 hourly for 3 days

Death, parasite clearance by day 2, adverse events

[29]

58 children aged 2 to 15 years in Niger

(1) Intrarectal (17.9 mg/kg once, then 11.75 mg/kg 12 hourly; Quinimax^® diluted in a syringe

(2) Intramuscular (7.5 mg/kg 12 hourly)

Death, fever clearance time, duration of hospitalization, coma recovery time

[30]

898 children aged 1 to 15 in Burkina Faso

(1) Intrarectal (20 mg/kg; Quinimax^® diluted in a syringe)

(2) Intramuscular (12.5 mg/kg) Both 12 hourly for 3 days

Death, fever clearance time, adverse events