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Table 3 Estimated impact of HIV on malaria parasite biomass, sub-Saharan Africa, 2005*

From: The impact of HIV-1 on the malaria parasite biomass in adults in sub-Saharan Africa contributes to the emergence of antimalarial drug resistance

Country

Adult HIV prevalence

Urban†

% low-high

malaria endemic

Parasite biomass*109

/individual at risk in the

absence of HIV‡

HIV-related additional

parasite biomass*109

/individual at risk‡

Proportional increase in

parasite load due to HIV

(95%CI)

Mozambique

16.1%

38%

4 – 96

77.2

54.3

64.0 (41.0–95.8)

Zambia

17%

36.5%

16 – 83

67.8

42.8

59.1 (35.3–94.3)

Malawi

14.1%

17.2%

22 – 77

75.3

40.2

54.1 (26.4–96.8)

CARepublic

10.7%

43.8%

0 – 10

76.6

32.2

41.9 (23.4–77.3)

Uganda

6.5%

12.4%

20 – 73

75.3

20.6

25.2 (14.4–37.0)

Togo

6.7%

36.3%

0 – 100

82.2

19.1

22.1 (13.2–35.1)

Cote d'Ivoire

7.1%

45.8%

0 – 100

75.9

19.1

23.4 (14.2–39.1)

Congo

5.3%

54.4%

0 – 100

62.5

13.2

18.6 (9.8–29.3)

Swaziland

33.4%

23.9%

69 – 0

5.6

12.8

243.9 (122.1–402.3)

Gabon

7.9%

85.2%

0 – 96

38.5

12.5

30.7 (19.6–53.0)

Nigeria

3.9%

48.3%

1 – 99

70.8

12.0

16.7 (9.4–26.6)

Guinea-Bissau

3.8%

35.6%

0 – 100

78.9

11.4

13.9 (7.9–23.6)

Cameroon

5.4%

52.9%

24 – 74

53.3

11.3

20.1 (13.3–31.2)

Chad

3.5%

25.8%

14 – 86

76.3

11,2

15.1 (6.4–23.9)

Gambia

2.4%

26.1%

0 – 100

95.4

10.8

11.3 (5.8–19.0)

Botswana

24.1%

52.5%

13 – 0

4.9

9.3

197.6 (116.5–278.9)

DRCongo

3.2%

32.7%

10 – 85

73.7

9.2

12.2 (6.5–20.4)

Liberia

4%

47.9%

0 – 100

69.2

9.1

12.2 (7.3–21.5)

Equat Guinea

3.2%

50%

02–97

68.1

8.4

11.7 (7.1–18.0)

Tanzania

3.2%

37.5%

21 – 75

65.0

7.8

11.2 (5.8–19.4)

Zimbabwe

20.1%

35.9%

54 – 0

5.2

7.5

144.2 (75.6–221.0)

Ghana

2.3%

46.3%

02 – 98

76.1

7.5

9.2 (5.5–13.5)

Namibia

19.6%

33.5%

8 – 0

5.3

7.1

134.9 (74.4–247.1)

South Africa

18.8%

57.9%

15 – 0

5.0

6.8

137.0 (84.5–212.1)

Burkina Faso

2%

18.6%

0 – 100

94.9

6.5

6.8 (3.7–10.9)

Sudan

2.3%

40.8%

42 – 56

48.9

5.8

13.4 (4.2–28.3)

Kenya

6.1%

47.9%

57 – 21

22.8

5.7

25.6 (15.3–37.7)

Angola

3.7%

37.2%

53 – 46

38.9

5.7

14.7 (8.8–23.4)

Mali

1.7%

33.7%

10–90

72.7

5,0

6.5 (3.7–10.0)

Guinea

1.5%

36.5%

01–99

81.0

5.0

5.6 (3.3–8.3)

Benin

1.8%

46.1%

0 – 100

73.7

5.0

6.4 (3.6–10.4)

Burundi

3.3%

10.6%

64 – 21

29.9

4.1

13.5 (8.0–18.9)

Niger

1.1%

23.3%

11 – 89

79.4

2.8

3.5 (1.8–6.6)

Sierra Leone

1.6%

40.2%

0 – 100

78.9

2.7

3.6 (1.7–5.8)

Senegal

0.9%

51%

03–97

68.1

2.6

3.9 (2.1–6.4)

Eritrea

2.4%

20.8%

83 – 16

19.5

2.3

11.4 (5.8–19.8)

Ethiopia

2%

16.2%

50 – 14

25.7

2.0

8.2 (3.8–13.3)

Rwanda

3.1%

21.8%

60 – 7

14.3

2,0

13.8 (8.1–19.0)

Mauritania

0.7%

64.3%

59 – 41

25,4

1.3

5.3 (1.9–10.5)

Madagascar

0.5%

27%

36 – 60

58.3

1.1

2.0 (0.9–3.7)

Somalia

0.9%

35.9%

96 – 3

7.2

0.4

5.6 (2.5–9.2)

Average Africa $

6.1%

 

23 – 87

55.1

9.9

18.0% (11.6–26.9)

Median Africa

3.5%

36.5%

11–83

68.0

7.5

14.1 (9.2–20.5)

  1. *Excluded from analyses were the following small countries: Seychelles, Reunion and Comoros, which are at negligible malaria risk and the islands of Sao Tome & Principe and Cap Verde, which are subject to stable transmission but have not been precisely characterized in the malaria risk model. Calculations used country-specific age distributions, based on HIV-1 prevalence estimates by UNAIDS/World Health Organization (WHO) for end of 2005[27], and assuming urban/rural ratios in HIV prevalence estimated by UNAIDS/WHO) for end of 2003 [27, 28]
  2. † Urban and rural populations were based on countries' definitions[12], without standardization between countries.
  3. ‡ Individual at risk is person living in a malaria prone area.
  4. $ Weighted according to countries' population size living in malaria endemic areas.
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Malaria Journal

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