Figure 5

The effects of transmission intensity on excess female morbidity and its contribution from multigravidae. As the rate of transmission, λ, goes up, the excess female morbidity, E (blue line), initially increases but plateaus at medium levels of λ. At the same time, the contribution from multigravidae to excess morbidity (red line) declines as a greater proportion of women will contract PAM during their earlier pregnancies. Parameter values: μ = 1/40, m = 1/14, c = 1, B = 1/40, α = 0.1, H = 10.