Costs of insensitive acetylcholinesterase insecticide resistance for the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae homozygous for the G119S mutation

Table 1 Summary of traits associated with fitness costs for the G119S mutation for Culex pipiens/C. quinquefasciatus mosquitoes in insecticide-free environments

Trait	Reference
field studies
longer developmental time	[14]
adult size (shorter wing length)	[14]
reduced survival of over-wintering females	[15, 16]
overall fitness	[13, 17]
laboratory studies
reduced male mating success	[18]
reduced probability of adult emergence	[19–21]
reduced metabolic reserves at emergence	[19]
smaller adult size (tibia length)	[20]
increased risk of predation	[22]
reduced female fecundity	[20]
higher Wolbachia load	[23]

ISSN: 1475-2875