Cytokine and chemokine profile of the innate and adaptive immune response of schistosoma haematobium and plasmodium falciparum single and co-infected school-aged children from an endemic area of Lambaréné, Gabon

Table 3 Effect of P. falciparum ( P.f. ) and S. haematobium (S.h) co-infection on the different principal components identified from the innate (iPC) and the adaptive (aPC) immune response

	*S.h* -/ *P.f* -	*S.h* +/ *P.f* -	*S.h* -/ *P.f* +	*S.h* +/ *P.f* +	p-value
	Median (IQR)	Median (IQR)	Median (IQR)	Median (IQR)	p-value
iPC1	0 (0–0.03)	0.05 (0–0.31)	0.24 (0–1.28)	0.13(0.005-0.94)	0.046^#
iPC2	0 (0–0.31)	0.73(0–2.37)	0.12 (0–1.22)	0.53 (0.005-1.48)	0.047^##
aPC1	0.26 (0.11- 0.89)	0.38 (0.05 – 1.25)	0.36 (0.11 – 1.4)	1 (0.18 – 3.31)	0.22
aPC2	0.53 (0.18 – 0.84)	0.66 (0.2-1.26)	1.27 (0.4-1.7)	0.75 (0.2 -1.6)	0.42
aPC3	0.6 (0.25 – 1.33)	0.47 (0.1-1.6)	1.34 (0.24-3.019)	0.25 (0.05-1.1)	0.56

S.h-/ P.f- : Subjects not infected by either S. haematobium or P. falciparum. S.h+/ P.f-: Subjects with single S. haematobium infection. S.h-/ P.f+: Subjects with single P. falciparum infection. S.h+/ P.f+: S. haematobium and P. falciparum co-infected subjects. M: male and F: female. CT value represents the value of the cycle threshold. ^#Two by two comparison of the groups are shown and show significant difference between S.h-/P.f- vs S.h +/ P.f + (p = 0.04). ^##Two by two comparison show significant difference between S.h-/P.f- vs S.h +/ P.f – and between S.h-/P.f- vs S.h +/ P.f + (p = 0.03 and 0.02 respectively).

ISSN: 1475-2875