Fig. 3

Exposure to sunlight caused DNA fragmentation in Plasmodium falciparum in vitro. Although DNA fragmentation was not observed in mixed-stage parasites after a single exposure to sunlight (a), synchronized late-stage parasites did show DNA fragmentation at 24 h (b). DNA fragmentation was also seen in mixed-stage parasites at 48 h, after two exposures to sunlight (c). Statistical comparisons were not significant (ns), or significant at P < 0.05 (asterisk) or at P < 0.01 (double asterisk). n = 2 for (a) and (b); n = 4 for (c)