Table 1 Main characteristics of adult and paediatric cases during the three study periods (Period 1: 2000–2003, Period 2: 2004–2008, Period 3: 2009–2013)

Demographic characteristics

 Age (years) (mean ± SD)

36.6 (12.5)

38.3 (13.0)

40.2 (13.5)

<10⁻¹⁵

1.7 (1.3; 2.2)

3.6 (3.2; 4.2)

7.7 (4.2)

7.3 (4.2)

7.8 (4.1)

0.006

−0.4 (−0.07; −0.09)

0.1 (−0.5; 0.2)

 Age categories (years)

<10⁻¹⁵

0.02

  <1

56 (3)

58 (4)

36 (4)

1 (0; 3)

1 (0; 3)

  ≥1–5

594 (29)

409 (31)

230 (26)

2 (−1; 6)

−3 (−7; 0)

  ≥5–15

1416 (69)

841 (64)

629 (70)

−5 (−7; −1)

1 (−2; 5)

  ≥15–30

2204 (34)

1611 (29)

1244 (25)

−5 (−7; −3)

−9 (−11; −7)

  ≥30–50

3253 (50)

2817 (51)

2545 (51)

−1 (−3; 1)

−1 (−3; 1)

  ≥50

1025 (16)

1086 (20)

1200 (24)

4 (3; 5)

8 (7; 10)

 Sex

0.68

0.05

  Male

4039 (62)

3493 (64)

3076 (62)

2 (−1; 3)

0 (−2; 1)

1115 (54)

717 (55)

534 (60)

1 (−2; 5)

6 (−2; 10)

 Chemoprophylaxis

123

2122 (33)

1817 (33)

1094 (22)

<10⁻¹¹

0 (−2;2)

−11 (−13;−9)

42

1184 (58)

709 (55)

436 (49)

<10⁻³

Parasitological characteristics

 P. falciparum

5616 (87)

4854 (88)

4494 (90)

<10⁻⁵

1 (0; 3)

3 (2; 5)

1831 (89)

1189 (91)

795 (89)

0.13

2 (0; 4)

0 (−2; 3)

 Parasitaemia >4 %

384 (6)

371 (7)

450 (9)

<10⁻⁵

1 (0; 2)

3 (2; 4)

251 (12)

174 (13)

133 (15)

0.08

1 (−1; 3)

3 (0; 5)

Clinical and biological characteristics

 Impaired consciousness

66 (1)

100 (2)

166 (3)

<10⁻¹²

1 (0; 1)

2 (2; 3)

0 (0)

13 (1)

24 (3)

<10⁻¹¹

1 (1; 2)

3 (2; 3)

 Glasgow coma scale <11

16 (0.2)

10 (0.2)

24 (0.5)

0.36

0 (−0.3; 0.1)

0.3 (0; 0.5)

0 (0)

4 (0.3)

5 (1)

0.002

0.3 (0; 0.7)

1 (0.; 1)

 Respiratory failure

26 (0.4)

20 (0.4)

15 (0.3)

0.48

0 (−0.3; 0.2)

−0.1 (−0.3; 0.1)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

–

–

–

 Cardiovascular failure

5 (0.08)

16 (0.3)

42 (1)

<10⁻⁷

0.2 (0.1; 0.4)

0.9 (0.05; 1)

0 (0)

3 (0.2)

6 (1)

0.0008

0.2 (−0.1; 0.5)

1 (0; 1)

 Repeated seizures ≥2/24 h

4 (0.06)

4 (0.07)

10 (0.2)

0.15

0 (−0.1; 0.1)

0.1 (0; 0.3)

0 (0)

5 (0.4)

3 (0.3)

0.001

0.4 (0; 0.8)

0.3 (−0.1; 0.7)

 Haemorrhage

10 (0.2)

7 (0.1)

8 (0.2)

0.85

−0.1 (−0.2; 0.1)

0 (−0.2; 0.2)

0 (0)

0 (0)

3 (0.3)

0.05

–

0.3 (−0.1; 0.7)

 Jaundice

56 (1)

70 (1)

138 (3)

<10⁻⁸

0 (0; 1)

2 (1; 2)

0 (0)

3 (0.2)

24 (3)

<10⁻⁸

0.2 (−0.1; 0.5)

3 (2; 3)

 Bilirubinaemia >50 µmol/L

38 (1)

66 (1)

156 (3)

<10⁻¹⁵

0 (0; 1)

2 (2; 3)

0 (0)

3 (0.2)

17 (2)

<10⁻⁶

0.2 (−0.1; 0.5)

2 (1; 3)

 Macroscopic haemoglobinuria

5 (0.08)

12 (0.2)

35 (1)

<10⁻⁵

0.1 (0; .0.3)

0.1 (0; 0.1)

0 (0)

0 (0)

6 (1)

0.005

–

1 (0; 1)

 Haemoglobin <7 g/dL and haematocrit <20 %

18 (0.3)

23 (0.4)

30 (0.6)

0.02

0.1 (−0.1; 0.4)

0.3 (0.1; 0.6)

0 (0)

8 (1)

9 (1)

<10⁻⁵

1 (0; 1)

1 (0; 2)

 Hypoglycaemia(<2.2 mmol/L)

0 (0)

2 (0.04)

4 (0.08)

0.02

0.04 (0.04; 0.1)

0.08 (0.01; 0.2)

0 (0)

1 (0.08)

1 (0.1)

0.10

0.08 (−0.2; 0.3)

0.1 (−0.3; 0.4)

 Acidaemia (pH < 7.25)

0 (0)

1 (0.02)

7 (0.1)

0.006

0.02 (0.05; 0.09)

0.1 (0.04; 0.3)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

–

–

–

 Hyperlactataemia (>5 mmol/L)

0 (0)

6 (0.1)

33 (1)

<10⁻⁹

0.1 (0; 0.2)

1 (0; 1)

0 (0)

0 (0)

2 (0.2)

0.10

–

0.2 (−0.2; 0.5)

 Renal failure (creatinaemia >265 µmol/L)

59 (1)

61 (1)

90 (2)

0.002

0 (0; 0.1)

1 (0; 1)

0 (0)

4 (0.3)

2 (0.2)

0.005

0.3 (0; 0.7)

0.2 (−0.2; 0.5)

Severity

 Clinical classification

173 (3)

236 (4)

462 (9)

<10⁻¹⁵

1 (1; 2)

6 (6; 7)

45 (2)

53 (4)

61 (7)

<10⁻⁶

2 (1; 3)

5 (3; 6)

 French criteria

451 (7)

463 (8)

649 (13)

<10⁻¹⁵

1 (0; 2)

6 (5; 7)

251 (12)

190 (15)

161 (18)

0.0001

3 (0; 5)

6 (3; 8)