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Table 3 Results from the maximal spatial models (Model 5) of baseline infection status among 1943 Ghanaian children (2010)

From: Geo-spatial factors associated with infection risk among young children in rural Ghana: a secondary spatial analysis

Covariates

Odds ratios (95 % CrI)

Range parameter in km (95 % CrI)

Standard deviations of random effects (95 % CrI)

Spatial

Compound

(1) Inflammation and/or parasitaemia

 Intercept

0.252 (0.118, 0.543)

4.727 (1.971, 9.440)

0.420 (0.247, 0.733)

0.007 (0.004, 0.028)

 Age per month (months)

  6–23

1.032 (1.010, 1.054)

  24–35

0.976 (0.939, 1.014)

 Sex (male reference)

1.116 (0.908, 1.372)

 Length-for-age z-score

0.915 (0.834, 1.003)

 Weight-for-length z-score

0.876 (0.785, 0.977)

 Asset score

1.032 (0.920, 1.156)

 Maternal education

0.791 (0.632, 0.991)

 Distance to health facility (km)

1.152 (1.053, 1.262)

 Elevation (m)

0.995 (0.990, 1.000)

 Urban/built up land (LC13)

0.965 (0.537, 1.718)

 Woody savannahs (LC8)

0.770 (0.258, 2.218)

 NDVI

0.628 (0.129, 2.972)

 NDVI*LC8

0.629 (0.249, 1.574)

 NDVI*LC13

5.237 (1.118, 26.00)

 Baseline iron status

1.128 (1.048, 1.217)

(2) Inflammation without parasitaemia

 Intercept

0.141 (0.054, 0.353)

6.653 (2.576, 14.22)

0.489 (0.250, 0.961)

0.008 (0.004, 0.029)

 Age per month (months)

  6–23

0.994 (0.967, 1.022)

  24–35

0.974 (0.921, 1.028)

 Sex (male reference)

1.168 (0.889, 1.535)

 Length-for-age z-score

1.007 (0.892, 1.137)

 Weight-for-length z-score

0.904 (0.783, 1.042)

 Asset score

0.994 (0.859, 1.149)

 Maternal education

1.126 (0.831, 1.539)

 Distance to health facility (km)

0.914 (0.810, 1.022)

 Elevation (m)

0.999 (0.993, 1.005)

 Urban/built up land (LC13)

1.035 (0.532, 1.988)

 Woody savannahs (LC8)

0.925 (0.152, 3.759)

 NDVI

1.172 (0.171, 7.074)

 NDVI*LC8

0.842 (0.270, 3.094)

 NDVI*LC13

1.038 (0.192, 6.405)

 Baseline iron status

1.043 (0.940, 1.145)

(3) Parasitaemia with fever

 Intercept

0.006 (0.001, 0.023)

6.992 (2.160, 16.56)

0.675 (0.315, 1.387)

0.008 (0.004, 0.030)

 Age per month (months)

  6–23

1.046 (1.006, 1.089)

  24–35

0.929 (0.859, 0.999)

 Sex (male reference)

1.276 (0.869, 1.877)

 Length-for-age z-score

0.911 (0.763, 1.084)

 Weight-for-length z-score

0.793 (0.639, 0.979)

 Asset score

1.042 (0.827, 1.312)

 Maternal education

0.917 (0.609, 1.392)

 Distance to health facility (km)

1.307 (1.114, 1.555)

 Elevation (m)

0.996 (0.987, 1.005)

 Urban/built up land (LC13)

1.227 (0.275, 4.872)

 Woody savannahs (LC8)

2.023 (0.300, 9.713)

 NDVI

0.128 (0.004, 3.152)

 NDVI*LC8

1.004 (0.235, 4.548)

 NDVI*LC13

32.80 (1.085, 1542)

 Baseline iron status

1.226 (1.104, 1.350)

(4) All parasitaemia

 Intercept

0.093 (0.035, 0.241)

4.520 (1.494, 10.30)

0.519 (0.280, 0.953)

0.008 (0.004, 0.030)

 Age per month (months)

  6–23

1.055 (1.028, 1.083)

  24–35

0.984 (0.941, 1.028)

 Sex (male reference)

1.026 (0.801, 1.313)

 Length-for-age z-score

0.874 (0.781, 0.977)

 Weight-for-length z-score

0.890 (0.779, 1.017)

 Asset score

1.065 (0.921, 1.230)

 Maternal education

0.665 (0.512, 0.866)

 Distance to health facility (km)

1.259 (1.130, 1.417)

 Elevation (m)

0.995 (0.988, 1.001)

 Urban/built up land (LC13)

0.729 (0.290, 1.733)

 Woody savannahs (LC8)

0.751 (0.217, 2.362)

 NDVI

0.375 (0.039, 3.146)

 NDVI*LC8

0.607 (0.223, 1.644)

 NDVI*LC13

11.19 (1.204, 127.0)

 Baseline iron status

1.129 (1.044, 1.222)

  1. Infection status definitions
  2. 1) Inflammation and/or parasitaemia (binary): 1 = CRP > 5 mg/L and/or any malaria parasitaemia, 0 = CRP ≤ 5 mg/L and absence of parasitaemia
  3. 2) Inflammation without parasitaemia (binary): 1 = CRP > 5 mg/L without malaria parasitaemia, 0 = CRP ≤ 5 mg/L without parasitaemia
  4. 3) Parasitaemia with fever (binary): 1 = any malaria parasitaemia with concurrent fever (axillary temperature > 37.5 °C) or history of reported fever (within 48 h), 0 = any malaria parasitaemia without concurrent fever or history of reported fever
  5. 4) All parasitaemia (binary): 1 = any malaria parasitaemia with/without fever, 0 = absence of parasitaemia with/without fever
  6. Model prior shape = 1.117, model prior rate = 0.157
  7. Baseline iron status = iron status at baseline, defined as serum ferritin concentration (µg/dL) corrected for CRP using the regression method and re-scaled by multiplying each corrected value by the inverse of the inter-quartile range
  8. CrI credible interval, NDVI normalized difference vegetation index, averaged over the year 2010, centred by dividing by 1000 and subtracting 4, NDVI8 interaction term between NDVI and LC = 8, NDVI13 interaction term between NDVI and LC = 13
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Malaria Journal

ISSN: 1475-2875

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