Fig. 3

Vascular and interstitial inflammation are key components of MA-ARDS in Plasmodium berghei ANKA-infected mice. After staining with haematoxylin-eosin, the sections were examined by optical microscopy (×200 magnification). The scale bars indicate 50 µm. a Lung tissue from an uninfected α ^+/+_D mouse. b Lung section from an uninfected α ^−/−_D animal. c Lung tissue from an infected wild type α ^+/+_D animal. The arrowhead identifies adherent leukocytes in a pulmonary vessel, indicating vascular inflammation. Diffuse interstitial infiltrates (arrow) and focal haemorrhages (asterisks) were also seen. d Lung tissue section from an infected α ^−/−_D mouse. The features illustrated in a–d are representative of those seen in lung tissue from 3 individual mice in each condition. e Lung cellularity was determined by the point counting technique across 20 random, non-coincident microscopic fields at magnification of ×1000, as described in “Methods” section. Each bar represents the mean of determinations in tissue from 3 animals ± SEM.^#P ≤ 0.05 compared to respective control