Table 4 Characteristics of severe P. ovale disease

Tomar et al. [61]

MIC + PCR

–

39

Bilirubin >50 µm/l, creatinine >265 µm/l, systolic blood pressure <80 mmHg, hemoglobinuria

Artesunate iv

Ceftriaxone iv, antipyretics

Survival without sequelae

Lemmerer et al. [62]

MIC

–

40.5

Splenic rupture

Chloroquine, 2325 mg po over 2 days

–

Survival with sequelae

Strydom et al. [36]

MIC + PCR

1.4%

39.5

Bilirubin >50 µm/l, systolic blood pressure <80 mmHg

Quinine, 600 mg iv eight hourly and doxycycline 100 mg twelve hourly

Ceftriaxone

Survival without sequelae

Rojo-Marcos et al. [24]

MIC + PCR (microscopy neg, PCR positive)

Neg^a

–

Hemoglobin <7 g/dl^a

–

–

Survival without sequelae^a

MIC + PCR (microscopy neg, PCR positive)

Neg^a

–

Hemoglobin <7 g/dl^a

–

–

Survival without sequelae^a

Lau et al. [8]

MIC + PCR

0.18%

40.8

Creatinine >265 µm/l, acidosis, ARDS

Chloroquine 150 mg base for 2 days, quinine for 1 day and artesunate for 7 days

Ceftriaxone, piperacillin/tazobactam, vancomycin, imipenem, meropenem

Death

The first antibiotic was started on day 4 despite negative blood cultures; Enterobacter cloacae was found on day 15 (nosocomial sepsis); seizures were described on day 17; atrial fibrillation on day 22; asystole on day 32

Hachimi et al. [42]

MIC

<0.2%

39

ARDS

Quinine

–

Death

History of tuberculosis 11 years ago

Lahlou et al. [41]

MIC

0.2%

–

ARDS

Quinine

Ciprofloxacin

Death

History of treated pulmonary tuberculosis 10 years ago

Roze et al. [63]

MIC

0.2%

–

ARDS

Chloroquine and quinine

–

Survival without sequelae

History of tuberous sclerosis and spontaneous pneumothorax

Coton et al. [64]

MIC

–

40

Acute pericarditis

Chloroquine 30 mg/kg over 6 days

Ketoprophen, omeprazol, aspirin

Survival without sequelae

Haydoura et al. [65]

MIC

1.1%

40

Oxygen saturation <92%, ARDS

Quinine iv for 7 days and doxycycline po for 7 days

Warfarin

Survival without sequelae

History of MTHFR, secondary portal vein thrombosis and severe lower gastrointestinal bleeding from hemorrhoids requiring 7 units of red blood cells

Cinquetti [66]

MIC + PCR

0.001%

39.5

Splenic infarction

Quinine 8 mg/kg iv three times daily

–

Survival with sequelae

Rojo-Marcos et al. [25]

MIC + PCR

6000 trophozoites + gametocytes/µl

40.5

ARDS

Chloroquine for 3 days

–

Survival without sequelae

History of diabetes mellitus and hypertension; incomplete left bundle block in the predose ECG followed by left ventricular hypertrophy in the day 30 ECG; presence of Mansonella perstans; nosocomial Acinetobacter baumanii in broncho-alveolar aspirate

Rubinstein et al. [67]

MIC

0.2%

–

Bilirubin >50 µm/l

Quinine for 7 days and doxycycline for 7 days

–

Survival without sequelae

Filler et al. [68]

MIC

–

–

Hemoglobin <7 g/dl, splenic rupture, cardiac arrest

Quinine sulfate and doxycycline, followed by quinidine iv

–

Death

History notably of MS

Lee et al. [69]

MIC

0.1%

39

Oxygen saturation <92%, pulmonary edema

Chloroquine

–

Survival without sequelae

Negative blood cultures

Patel [70]

MIC

–

–

Splenic rupture

Chloroquine

–

Survival with sequelae

Facer et al. [9]

MIC

1.8%

NA

Splenic rupture

NA

NA

Death

Diagnosis post mortem; absence of P. falciparum confirmed with “DNA analysis”

Monlun et al. [71]

MIC

–

41

Cardiomyopathy

Chloroquine 500 mg/day for 5 days

–

Survival without sequelae

Cardiomyopathy resolved without additional specific treatment

Bock [72]

MIC

–

–

Hemoglobin <7 g/dl

Mepacrine

–

Survival without sequelae

Case 2

MIC

–

40

Cardiac arrhythmia

Mepacrine

–

Survival without sequelae

Case 15

Fairley [73]

MIC

–

38.3

Hemoglobinuria

Mepacrine 0.1 g three times daily for 6 days and quinine bihydrochloride 7.5 g/day iv for 5 days

Saline

Survival without sequelae