Table 1 Characteristics of studies included in systematic review of micro-epidemiological studies of malaria
From: Defining micro-epidemiology for malaria elimination: systematic review and meta-analysis
Study | Study setting | Malaria species | Dominant vector(s) | Study design | Number of participants | Number of clusters | Infections (n, case-only studies), prevalence(%) or incidence | Spatial scale | Duration | Detection (diagnostic) | Units of analysis | Quality (max 9 stars)a |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alemu et al. [20] | Dabat district, Ethiopian Highlands | P. falciparum, P. vivax | Not specified | Case control | 1644 | 4 health facilities | 645 | 1187.9 km2 | 10 months | PCD (RDT, LM) | Individual, cluster (hotspot) | ★★★★★★ |
Atieli et al. [23] | Western Kenyan Highlands | P. falciparum | An gambiae | Cross sectional | 480 households | 4 villages | 0.7–20.6% | 36 km2 | 1 month | Screening (LM) | Cluster (valley location) | ★★★★★★ |
Audibert et al. [14] | Logone Valley, Cameroon | P. falciparum | Not specified | Cross sectional (pre-post) | 716–1078 | 3 villages | 7.1–30.1% | 350 km2 | 5 years | Screening (LM) | Cluster (village) | ★★★★★★ |
Baragatti et al. [22] | Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso | P. falciparum | An. gambiae | Cross-sectional | 3354 | 8 villages | 22% | 144 km2 | 1 year | Screening (LM) | Individual, cluster (urban areas) | ★★★★★★★★ |
Barrera et al. [15] | Sucre State, Venezuela | P. vivax | An. aquasalis curry | Cohort | 8836 | 35 localities | Not reported | 51 km2 | 12 years | PCD (LM) | Cluster (village) | ★★★★★★★ |
Barros and Honario [41] | Rorainopolis settlement, Roraima Province, Brazil | P. vivax | An. darlingi | Cohort | 75 households | 1 settlement | 186 | 18.8 km road | 2.5 years | PCD (LM) | Household | ★★★★★ |
Basurko et al. [42] | Cacao village, French Guiana | P. vivax | An. darlingi | Cohort | 839 | 1 village | 359 | 1 km2 | 5 years | PCD (LM) | Individual | ★★★★ |
Bejon et al. [43] | Kilifi district, Kenya | P. falciparum | An. gambiae | Cohort | 1708 | 3 villages | 0.49–0.82 episodes/child/year | 450 km2 | 11 years | Screening, ACD (LM) | Household (homestead) | ★★★★★★★ |
Bousema et al. [2] | Korogwe district, Tanga Region, Tanzania | P. falciparum | An. gambiae | Cohort | 1276 | 15 villages | 399 | 400 km2 | 4 years | PCD (RDT) | Cluster (hotspot) | ★★★★★★ |
Brooker et al. [44] | Nandi district, Kenya | P. falciparum | An. gambiae | Case control | 284 | 3 villages | 129 | 144 km2 | 10 weeks | ACD (LM) | Individual | ★★★★★★★ |
Camargo et al. [45] | Urupa Farm, Rondonia, Brazil | P. falciparum, P. vivax | An. darlingi | Cohort | Average 170, varied seasonally | 1 settlement | 171 | 230 km2 | 2 years | Screening, PCD (LM) | Individual | ★★★★★★ |
Cattani et al. [16] | Villages around Madang, Papua New Guinea | P. falciparum | Not specified | Repeated cross sectional | ~16,500 in area | 6 villages | 41–89% | 900 km2 | 2 years | Screening (LM) | Cluster (village) | ★★★★★★★ |
Clark et al. [28] | Mulago III parish, Kampala, Uganda | P. falciparum | An. gambiae | Cohort | 558 | 1 village | 0.77 episodes/person/year | 1 km2 | 2 years | PCD (LM) | Individual | ★★★★★★★★★ |
Coulibaly et al. [46] | Bandiagara, Mali | P. falciparum | An. gambiae | Cohort | 300 | 1 village | 296 | 4 km2 | 1 year | Screening, PCD (LM) | Individual | ★★★★★ |
da Silva-Nunes et al. [24] | Pedro Peixoto settlement, Acre, Brazil | P. falciparum, P. vivax | An. darlingi | Cohort | 509 | 1 settlement | 15.5% by PCR, 5.2% by LM | 15 km2 | 2 years | Screening, ACD, PCD (LM, PCR) | Individual | ★★★★★★★ |
de Barros et al. [41] | Rorainopolis settlement, Roraima Province, Brazil | P. vivax | An. darlingi | Cohort | 333 | 1 settlement | 31% ≥1 episode | 18.8 km road | 2.5 years | PCD (LM) | Household | ★★★★★★★ |
Ernst et al. [47] | Kipsamoite, North Nandi district, Kenya | P. falciparum | An. gambiae, An. funestus | Cohort | 3700 | 7 villages | 41–127 episodes/1000 persons/year | 16 km2 | 4 years | PCD (LM) | Individual, household | ★★★★★★★ |
Florey et al. [26] | Kingwede village, Kenya | P. falciparum, P. malariae, P. ovale | Not specified | Cross-sectional | 561 | 1 village | 50.40% | 10 km2 | 3 months | Screening (PCR) | Individual | ★★★★★★★★ |
Gamage-Mendis et al. [48] | Kataragama area, Sri Lanka | P. vivax, P. falciparum | An. subpictus, An. culicifacies | Cohort | 3023 | 6 villages | 25.80% | 8 km2 | 17 months | PCD (LM) | Individual, household | ★★★★★ |
Gaudart et al. [49] | Bancoumana village, Mali | P. falciparum, P. malariae, P. ovale | Not specified | Cohort | 1101–1491 | 1 village | 47% | 2.5 km2 | 5 years | Screening (LM) | Individual | ★★★★★★★★★ |
Ghebreyesus et al. [50] | Tigray Region, Ethiopia | P. vivax, P. falciparum | An. arabiensis | Cohort | 2114 | 6 villages | Not reported | Not reported | 1 year | Screening (LM) | Individual | ★★★★★★★★ |
Grange et al. [27] | Dielmo village, Senegal | P. falciparum | Not specified | Cohort | 828 | 1 village | 898 gametocyte-positives in 297 individuals | Not reported | 19 years | Screening, ACD (LM) | Individual | ★★★★★★★ |
Grillet, Barrera et al. [17] | Caijigal Municipality, Sucre State, Venezuela | P. vivax | An. aquasalis curry | Cohort | 24,345 | 29 villages | 10-44 cases/1000 persons/year | 332.5 km2 | 7 years | ACD, PCD (LM) | Cluster (village) | ★★★★★★★★ |
Grillet, Jordan, et al. [18] | Caijigal Municipality, Sucre State, Venezuela | P. vivax | An. aquasalis curry | Cohort | 24,788 | 29 villages | 10-44 cases/1000 persons/year | 332.5 km2 | 7 years | ACD, PCD (LM) | Cluster (village) | ★★★★★ |
Gunawardena, et al. [51] | Kataragama area, Sri Lanka | P. vivax, P. falciparum | An. culicifacies | Cohort | 1744 | 8 villages | 0.91 cases/person/18 months | 26 km2 | 18 months | Screening, PCD (LM) | Household | ★★★★★ |
Haque, Glass et al. [52] | Gilachari Union, Rangamati district, Chittagong Hill Tracts | P. falciparum | An. baimai, An. minimus, An. annularis | Cohort | 7922 | 54 villages | 6.30% | 113.83 km2 | 2 years | PCD (RDT, LM) | Individual, household | ★★★★★★★ |
Haque, Magalhaes et al. [29] | Rajasthali sub-district, Chittagong Hill districts, Bangladesh | P. falciparum, P. vivax | An. baimai, An. minimus, An. annularis | Cross-sectional | 1400 | 109 villages | 11.50% | 145 km2 | <1 year | Screening (RDT) | Individual | ★★★★★★★★ |
Haque, Sunahara et al. [7] | Rajasthali sub-district, Chittagong Hill districts, Bangladesh | P. falciparum, P. vivax | Not specified | Cross sectional | 1400 | 109 villages | 11.50% | 250 km2 | 1 month | Screening (RDT) | Individual | ★★★★★★★★ |
Kreuels et al. [19] | Afigya-Sekyere district, Ashanti region, Ghana | P. falciparum | An. gambiae, An. funestus | Cohort | 535 | 9 villages | 67% individuals ≥1 episode | 200 km2 | 21 months | PCD (LM) | Individual, cluster (village) | ★★★★★★ |
Loha et al. [37] | Chano Mille kebele, Ethiopia | P. falciparum, P. vivax | Not specified | Cohort | 8121 | 1 village | 45.1 episodes/1000 persons/year | 2.4 km2 | 2 years | ACD, PCD (RDT, LM) | Individual, household | ★★★★★★★ |
Luxemburger et al. [53] | Karen refugee camp, Thailand | P. falciparum, P. vivax | An. minimus, An. maculatus | Cohort | 735 | 1 refugee camp | 4% | 2 km2 | 1 year | ACD, PCD (LM) | Individual | ★★★★★★★ |
Midega et al. [54] | Kilifi district, Kenya | P. falciparum | An. gambiae | Cohort | 642 | 338 homesteads | 14% by PCR, 0.7 episodes/child/year | 40 km2 | 1 year | Screening, ACD (LM) | Individual | ★★★★★★★★ |
Mosha et al. [6] | Misungwi district, Tanzania | P. falciparum | An. gambiae | Repeated cross sectional | 3426 | 4 villages | 49% | Not reported | 4 months | Screening (PCR, serology) | Individual | ★★★★★★★★ |
Mosha et al. [55] | Misungwi district, Tanzania | P. falciparum | An. gambiae | Cross sectional | 3057 | 4 villages | 35.20% | Not reported | 4 months | Screening (PCR) | Household | ★★★★★★★ |
Murhandarwati et al. [38] | Kokap subdistrict, Kulon Progo, Indonesia | P. vivax, P. falciparum | An. maculatus, An. balabacensis, An. vagus | Mixed methods | 42,264 | 5 villages | 0.50% | 90 km2 | 1 year | ACD, PCD (LM) | Individual | ★★ |
Ndiath et al. [56] | Keur Soce DHS site, Senegal | P. falciparum | Not specified | Cross sectional | 1614 | 74 villages | 12% | 312 km2 | 1 month | ACD (RDT) | Individual | ★★★★★★★★ |
Nixon et al. [57] | Wainyapu village, Sumba, Indonesia | P. falciparum, P. vivax, P malariae | An. sundaicus, An. subpictus, An. vagus | Cross sectional | 960 | 1 village | 25% | 22 km2 | 4 months | Screening (LM) | Individual | ★★★★★★★★ |
Olotu et al. [58] | Kilifi district, Kenya | P. falciparum | An. gambiae | Cohort | 2425 | 3 villages | 1.4 episodes/person/year | 450 km2 | 12 years | ACD, PCD (LM) | Individual | ★★★★★★ |
Parker et al. [59] | Thailand/Myanmar border | P. vivax, P. falciparum, P. malariae | Not specified | Cohort | Average 494 | 1 village | 75 | 0.16 km2 | 10 months | Screening (LM, PCR) | Individual | ★★★★★★★★ |
Peterson, Borrell et al. [60] | Kebele 11, Adama City, Ethiopia | P. vivax, P. falciparum | An. arabiensis | Cohort | 1367 | 1 kebele | 9% | 1.8 km2 | 4 months | PCD (LM) | Individual, household | ★★★★★★★ |
Prakash, Mohapatra, 2000 [21] | Nedeluajan village, Jorhat district, Assam, India | P. falciparum, P. vivax | An. dirus, An. minimus | Cross sectional | 701 | 3 sub-village clusters, 1 village | 16% | 1 km2 | 1 month | Screening (LM) | Individual, cluster (sub-village) | ★★★★★★ |
Pullan, Bukirwa et al. [61] | Mulanda sub-county, Tororo district, Uganda | P. falciparum | Anophelees gambiae, An. funestus | Cross sectional | 1844 | 4 villages | 39% | 7.5 km2 | 4 months | Screening (RDT) | Individual | ★★★★★★★★ |
Pullan, Kabatereine et al. [25] | Mulanda sub-county, Tororo district, Uganda | P. falciparum, P. malariae | Anophelees gambiae, An. funestus | Cross sectional | 1770 | 14 clusters, 4 villages | 39% | 7.5 km2 | 4 months | Screening (RDT) | Individual | ★★★★★★★★ |
Rosas-Aguirre, Ponce et al. [62] | Bellavista district, Sullana province, Peru | P. vivax | An. albimanus | Cross sectional, case control | 4650 | 3 neighbourhoods | 13% ≥1 episode | 3.1 km2 | 2 years | PCD (LM, PCR) | Household | ★★★★★ |
Rosas-Aguirre, Speybroeck et al. [63] | San Juan, Loreto region, Peru | P. vivax, P. falciparum | An. darlingi | Cross sectional | 651 | 3 communities | 3% by MS, 11% by PCR | 48 km road | 1 month | Screening (LM, PCR, serology) | Individual | ★★★★★★★★ |
Rulisa et al. [64] | Ruhuha Sector, Bugesera district, Rwanda | P. falciparum | Not specified | Cross sectional | 769 | 1 sector | 23% of self-reported fever cases | 54 km2 | 7 months | ACD, PCD (RDT) | Individual, household | ★★★★★★ |
Sissoko et al. [5] | Sotuba and Kolle villages, Mali | P. falciparum | An. gambiae, An. funestus | Cross sectional | 588 | 2 villages | 8–35% | 2 km2 | 6 months | Screening, PCD (LM) | Individual, cluster (hotspot) | ★★★★★★★ |
Trape et al. [65] | Pikine Ancien district, Dakar, Senegal | P. falciparum, Plasmodium. malariae | An. arabiensis | Repeated cross sectional | 2465 | 1 urban sub-district | 4% | 910 m transect | 9 months | Screening (LM) | Individual | ★★★★★★ |
van der Hoek et al. [66] | Mahameegaswewa village, Anuradhapura district, Sri Lanka | P. vivax, P. falciparum | An. culicifacies | Cohort | 280 | 1 village | 1.5 episodes/person/year | 1 village | 11 months | ACD (LM) | Individual | ★★★★★★★★ |
Winskill et al. [67] | Muheza district, Tanga region, Tanzania | P. falciparum | An. gambiae sl | Cross sectional | 1438 | 21 hamlets, 5 villages | 15% | 300 km2 | Not specified | Screening (LM) | Individual | ★★★★★★★★ |
Ye et al. [4] | Kossi province, Burkina Faso | P. falciparum | Not specified | Cohort | 867 | 3 villages, 1 town | 787.6 episodes/person/year | 19–44 km between villages | 1 year | ACD (LM) | Individual, cluster (village) | ★★★★★★★★ |