Fig. 1

Geographic distribution of the P. vivax mdr1 haplotypes in Mesoamerica. Gene polymorphism was detected at codons 500, 529–927, 958, 976, 1021, 1070 and 1076. It includes 141 isolates (59, 59 and 23 from SMX, NIC-NE and NIC-NW, respectively). (A n = 59) SMX and (B n = 59) NIC-NE. In NIC-NW, six haplotypes were detected in 2006–2007 (C1 n = 7), while only one was detected in 2012 (C2 n = 16) (Asterisk synonymous changes). The circle indicates pvmdr1 haplotypes (n = 13; by colours); Sal I; pvmdr1, XM001613678. One-letter code indicates amino acid: D aspartic acid; T threonine; A alanine; Y tyrosine; F phenylalanine; N asparagine; M methionine; L leucine. The amino acid changes at codons 976 and 1096 are shown in red. n number of samples