Fig. 3

Haplotype network of P. vivax mdr1 gene from different geographic origins. The network includes 610 sequences and 19 haplotypes. Parasites from Northeast Nicaragua (NIC-NE) and Brazil had the highest number of haplotypes (n = 7). Each circle indicates a different haplotype (n = 19) connected by lines. The empty squares indicate haplotypes not sampled or extinct. Each colour indicates a different country. Three frequent haplotypes were detected at different geographic sites, respectively. One haplotype was frequent in Latin America. Signs of gene diversification were found at the regional and at local level. Sal I haplotype: XM001613678. A gene fragment of 479 bp (nt 2772–3250) was used. NIC-NW, Northwest, Nicaragua. SMX, Southern Mexico