Table 1 Characteristics of all individuals that travelled outside Swaziland (positive and negative cases), with a percentage (%) of the total group size (n) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI)
From: Travel patterns and demographic characteristics of malaria cases in Swaziland, 2010–2014
Variable | Characteristics | Risk factors | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Positive cases | Negative cases | p (χ2) | OR (95% CI) | Pr(>|z|) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Pr(>|z|) | |||
n | % (95% CI) | n | % (95% CI) | ||||||
Total | 902 | 297 | |||||||
Age class | <0.0001 | ||||||||
<1 | 4 | 0.44 (0.01–0.88) | 9 | 3.03 (1.08–4.98) | 1 | 1 | |||
1–4.9 | 107 | 11.86 (9.75–13.97) | 13 | 4.38 (2.05–6.7) | 18.52 (5.28–76.75) | <0.0001 | 24.74 (6.06–117.47) | <0.0001 | |
5–14.9 | 92 | 10.2 (8.22–12.17) | 44 | 14.81 (10.78–18.86) | 4.7 (1.45–18.14) | 0.0137 | 8.91 (2.15–42.79) | 0.0037 | |
15–24.9 | 100 | 11.09 (9.04–13.14) | 68 | 22.9 (18.18–27.68) | 3.31 (1.03–12.61) | 0.0541 | 5.79 (1.5–26.11) | 0.0144 | |
25–44.9 | 384 | 42.57 (39.35–45.8) | 104 | 35.02 (29.59–40.44) | 8.31 (2.65–31.16) | 0.0006 | 8.21 (2.22–35.61) | 0.0025 | |
45–64.9 | 98 | 10.86 (8.83–12.9) | 45 | 15.15 (11.07–19.23) | 4.90 (1.51–18.87) | 0.0113 | 5.79 (1.47–26.43) | 0.0155 | |
65–99 | 12 | 1.33 (0.58–2.08) | 14 | 4.71 (2.3–7.12) | 1.93 (0.49–8.62) | 0.3605 | 2.83 (0.56–15.58) | 0.2136 | |
Didn’t respond* | 105 | 11.64 (9.55–13.73) | 0 | ||||||
Occupation | <0.0001 | ||||||||
Unemployed | 144 | 15.96 (13.57–18.35) | 126 | 42.42 (36.8–48.05) | 1 | 1 | |||
Agriculture | 32 | 3.55 (2.34–4.75) | 20 | 6.73 (3.88–9.58) | 1.4 (0.77–2.6) | 0.2778 | 0.75 (0.37–1.54) | 0.4272 | |
Manufacturing | 24 | 2.66 (1.61–3.71) | 3 | 1.01 (−0.13–2.15) | 7 (2.37–29.95) | 0.0018 | 3.06 (0.92–14.08) | 0.0978 | |
Office or clerical work | 25 | 2.77 (1.7–3.84) | 5 | 1.68 (0.22–3.16) | 4.38 (1.76–13.26) | 0.0035 | 1.96 (0.69–6.5) | 0.2325 | |
Other | 108 | 11.97 (9.85–14.09) | 37 | 12.46 (8.7–16.21) | 2.55 (1.65–4.01) | <0.0001 | 1.14 (0.65–2.01) | 0.6402 | |
Other manual labour | 93 | 10.31 (8.33–12.29) | 24 | 8.09 (4.98–11.18) | 3.39 (2.07–5.74) | <0.0001 | 1.09 (0.6–2.01) | 0.7702 | |
Small-market sales or trade | 49 | 5.43 (3.95–6.91) | 16 | 5.39 (2.82–7.96) | 2.68 (1.48–5.08) | 0.0016 | 1.71 (0.85–3.53) | 0.1371 | |
Student | 74 | 8.2 (6.41–9.99) | 66 | 22.22 (17.49–26.95) | 0.98 (0.65–1.48) | 0.9270 | 0.6 (0.31–1.17) | 0.1382 | |
Army | 0 | 0 | |||||||
Didn’t respond* | 353 | 39.14 (35.95–42.32) | 0 | ||||||
Gender | <0.0001 | ||||||||
Female | 262 | 29.05 (26.08–32.01) | 178 | 59.93 (54.36–65.51) | 1 | 1 | |||
Male | 636 | 70.51 (67.53–73.49) | 119 | 40.07 (34.49–45.64) | 3.65 (2.77–4.78) | <0.0001 | 4.67 (3.24–6.8) | <0.0001 | |
Didn’t respond* | 4 | 0.44 (0.01–0.88) | 0 | ||||||
Nationality | <0.0001 | ||||||||
Swazi | 465 | 51.55 (48.29–54.81) | 267 | 89.9 (85.76–92.97) | 1 | 1 | |||
Mozambican | 405 | 44.9 (41.65–48.15) | 25 | 8.42 (5.63–12.32) | 9.30 (6.16–14.64) | <0.0001 | 4.88 (3.08–8) | <0.0001 | |
South African | 7 | 0.78 (0.2–1.35) | 2 | 0.67 (0.12–2.68) | 2.01 (0.48–13.56) | 0.386 | 1.73 (0.33–13.18) | 0.5430 | |
Portuguese | 1 | 0.11 (−0.11–0.33) | 1 | 0.34 (0.02–2.16) | 0.57 (0.02–14.55) | 0.695 | – | 0.9948 | |
Chinese | 1 | 0.11 (−0.11–0.33) | 0 | ||||||
American | 3 | 0.33 (−0.04–0.71) | 0 | ||||||
Malawian | 4 | 0.44 (0.01–0.88) | 0 | ||||||
Zambian | 1 | 0.11 (−0.11–0.33) | 0 | ||||||
Zimbabwean | 5 | 0.55 (0.07–1.04) | 2 | 0.67 (0.12–2.68) | 1.49 (0.20–17.10) | 0.667 | 1.81 (0.2–17.1) | 0.5835 | |
Indian | 1 | 0.11 (−0.11–0.33) | 0 | ||||||
Rwandan | 3 | 0.33 (−0.04–0.71) | 0 | ||||||
Congolese | 1 | 0.11 (−0.11–0.33) | 0 | ||||||
Nigerian | 1 | 0.11 (−0.11–0.33) | 0 | ||||||
Pakistan | 1 | 0.11 (−0.11–0.33) | 0 | ||||||
Other | 3 | 0.33 (−0.04–0.71) | 0 | ||||||