Table 3 Genotypic and kdr allele frequencies in Anopheles arabiensis from ten national sentinel sites in Ethiopia, 2016
Region | Site | Insecticide | Survival status after exposure | # mosquitoes tested | Homozygote mutation (RR) | Heterozygote mutation (RS) | Homozygote wild type (SS) | kdr allele frequency | χ 2 test | P value | % mortality in WHO tests | Resistance status | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R | S | ||||||||||||
Oromia | Babile | DDT | Alive | 13 | 7 | 2 | 0 | 0.89 | 0.11 | 1.33 | 0.249 | 11 | R |
Dead | 9 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | – | – | |||||
Deltamethrin | Alive | 15 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | – | – | 22 | R | ||
Dead | 9 | 8 | 1 | 0 | 0.94 | 0.167 | 1.431 | 0.232 | |||||
Nono | DDT | Alive | 12 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 0.44 | 0.56 | 1.635 | 0.201 | 29 | R | |
Dead | 9 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 0.25 | 0.75 | 1.444 | 0.229 | |||||
Deltamethrin | Alive | 8 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | – | – | 52 | R | ||
Dead | 6 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.667 | 0.414 | |||||
Asendabo | DDT | Alive | 28 | 9 | 11 | 6 | 0.56 | 0.44 | 0.635 | 0.426 | 10 | R | |
Dead | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | – | |||||
Deltamethrin | Alive | 25 | 3 | 12 | 6 | 0.43 | 0.57 | 9.706 | 0.00184 | 8 | R | ||
Dead | 7 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 1.551 | 0.213 | |||||
Ziway-Dugda | DDT | Alive | 30 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 0.47 | 0.53 | 3.272 | 0.0705 | 27 | R | |
Dead | 10 | 0 | 2 | 8 | 0.1 | 0.9 | 0.123 | 0.725 | |||||
Deltamethrin | Alive | 9 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 0.44 | 0.56 | 0.092 | 0.762 | 76 | R | ||
Dead | 8 | 0 | 1 | 7 | 0.06 | 0.94 | 0.04 | 0.841 | |||||
Amhara | Metema | DDT | Alive | 11 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 0.31 | 0.69 | 0.914 | 0.339 | 74 | R |
Dead | 8 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 0.2 | 0.8 | 1.516 | 0.218 | |||||
Deltamethrin | Alive | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | – | – | 99 | S | ||
Dead | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | – | |||||
SNNPR | Arba Minch | DDT | Alive | 28 | 12 | 7 | 7 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 4.869 | 0.0273 | 51 | R |
Dead | 10 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 0.31 | 0.69 | 0.505 | 0.477 | |||||
Deltamethrin | Alive | 22 | 12 | 8 | 2 | 0.73 | 0.27 | 0.157 | 0.692 | 41 | R | ||
Dead | 6 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 0.41 | 0.59 | 2.619 | 0.106 | |||||
Tigray | Alamata | DDT | Alive | 30 | 10 | 12 | 4 | 0.62 | 0.38 | 0.552 | 0.458 | 34 | R |
Dead | 9 | 0 | 4 | 3 | 0.29 | 0.71 | 1.301 | 0.254 | |||||
Deltamethrin | Alive | 20 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 0.57 | 0.43 | 4.834 | 0.0279 | 50 | R | ||
Dead | 10 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 0.13 | 0.87 | 3.631 | 0.0567 | |||||
Humera | DDT | Alive | 27 | 14 | 6 | 4 | 0.71 | 0.29 | 3.685 | 0.0549 | 33 | R | |
Dead | 10 | 0 | 2 | 5 | 0.14 | 0.86 | 1.041 | 0.308 | |||||
Deltamethrin | Alive | 24 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 0.56 | 0.44 | 2.935 | 0.0867 | 39 | R | ||
Dead | 9 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 0.38 | 0.62 | 1.646 | 0.2 | |||||
Afar | Amibara | DDT | Alive | 30 | 6 | 6 | 13 | 0.36 | 0.64 | 5.617 | 0.0178 | 67 | R |
Dead | 10 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 0.1 | 0.9 | 2.531 | 0.112 | |||||
Deltamethrin | Alive | 24 | 3 | 3 | 8 | 0.33 | 0.68 | 6.529 | 0.0106 | 53 | R | ||
Dead | 9 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 1 | – | – | |||||
Gambela | Abobo | DDT | Alive | 19 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0.33 | 0.67 | 13.593 | 0.000227 | 37 | R |
Dead | 9 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0.33 | 0.67 | 5.01 | 0.0252 | |||||
Deltamethrin | Alive | 30 | 11 | 7 | 3 | 0.73 | 0.27 | 3.827 | 0.05 | 33 | R | ||
Dead | 8 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 0.08 | 0.92 | 0.541 | 0.462 | |||||