Table 2 Adjunctive therapy administered after the onset of neurological symptoms of ECM
From: Adjunctive therapy for severe malaria: a review and critical appraisal
Author, year, reference | Adjuvant Therapy | Route of administration | Outcome of treatment administered after neurological symptoms |
|---|---|---|---|
Inmunomodulation | |||
 Waknine-Grinberg et al. 2013, [124] | Glucocorticosteroids in liposomes | i.v. injection | Improved survival, prevented ECM symptoms, improved clinical scores |
 Dende et al. 2015, [127] | Curcumin | oral gavage | Improved survival, reduced parasitemia |
Neuroprotection | |||
 Dai et al. 2012, [129] | Lithium chloride | injection (route not described) | Prevention of cognitive and motor deficits. Reduced long-term motor coordination impairment. No effect on survival or parasitemia |
 Cabrales et al. 2010, [130] | Nimodipine | i.p. injection | Improved survival, improved motor score, reduced pial vasoconstriction |
 Martins et al. 2013, [132] | Nimodipine | s.c. osmotic pumps | Improved survival, reduced BBB dysfunction, reduced inflammation |
Delivering gaseous signaling | |||
 Orjuela-Sanchez et al. 2013, [133] | Glyceryl trinitrate | Transdermal patch | Improved survival, reversal of pial arteriolar vasoconstriction |
Improving endothelial function | |||
 Higgins et al. 2016 [140] | Recombinant human Ang-1 | s.c. injection | Improved survival, prevents worsening of clinical outcomes, reduced cerebrovascular leak |
 Wilson et al. 2013, [141] | Atorvastatin | i.p. injection | Improved survival, reduced systemic and cerebral inflammation, reduces endothelial activation and reduced cerebrovascular leak |
 Dwivedi H et al. 2016, [145] | Vitamin D | i.m. injection | Improved survival, reduced cerebrovascular leak, reduced inflammation |