Table 1 Physicochemical properties of water samples collected from different urban polluted larval habitats of Anopheles arabiensis in Khartoum state
ID | Site | Type of larval habitats | Contamination type | Depth (cm) | Grass | Algae | Den/dip (TN) | Color | Odor | Abiotic variables | Heavy metals | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
pH | Cond (uS/cm) | TDS (mg/l) | Turbidity (NTU) | Oil (mg/l) | Nitrate (mg/l) | Cu (mg/l) | Pb (mg/l) | Fe (mg/l) | ||||||||||
1 | Gabal Awlia | Semi-permanent | Ponds from sewage water canal | 15 | Yes | Yes | 2 | Yellowish | Bad | 7.63 | 1967 | 1376.9 | 134 | 0.0190 | 303 | 0.0086 | 0.1068 | N.D. |
2 | Semi-permanent | Ponds from sewage water canal | 30 | Yes | Yes | 1 | Yellowish | Bad | 7.84 | 2350 | 1645 | 209 | 0.10 | 9.357 | 0.0152 | N.D. | 2.0181 | |
3 | Khartoum | Semi-permanent | Pond from sewage water canal | 40 | Yes | Yes | 0.9 | Yellowish | Bad | 7.65 | 1618 | 1132.6 | 483 | 0.21 | 7.686 | 0.0065 | 0.0138 | 0.1252 |
4 | Permanent | Sewage water canal | 70 | No | Yes | 0.3 | Redish | Bad | 7.45 | 6160 | 4312 | 231 | 0.07 | 11.660 | 0.0011 | N.D. | N.D. | |
5 | permanent | Sewage canal of industrial area | 30 | Yes | Yes | 1.1 | Clean | Bad | 7.22 | 490 | 343 | 28.8 | – | – | – | – | – | |
6 | East Nile | Permanent | Accumulations of houses sewage water | 25 | Yes | No | 1.5 | Clean | Bad | 7.30 | 519 | 363.3 | 4.66 | – | – | – | – | – |
7 | Semi-permanent | Concrete water tank | 15 | No | No | 3.8 | Greenish | Bad | 7.67 | 580 | 406 | 14.4 | 0.034 | 3.606 | 0.0119 | N.D. | 0.4151 | |
8 | Permanent | Sewage water manhol | 20 | No | Yes | 1.4 | Clean | Bad | 8.05 | 3430 | 2401 | 2.99 | 0.44 | 7.008 | N.D. | 0.0345 | 0.9232 | |
9 | Permenant | Accumulations of houses sewage water | 10 | Yes | Yes | 5.6 | Blackish | Bad | 6.93 | 1119 | 783.3 | 1012 | 0.0440 | 6.90 | 0.0140 | 0.1068 | 0.4487 | |
10 | Permanent | Irrigated water canala | 10 | Yes | Yes | 6 | Clean | Normal | 6.93 | 216 | 151.2 | 3.60 | 0.0090 | 4.30 | 0.0173 | 0.0667 | N.D. | |
11 | Khartoum North | Semi-permanent | Waste water canal | 20 | Yes | Yes | 1.5 | Clean | Bad | 7.15 | 324 | 226.8 | 653 | 0.15 | 2.144 | N.D. | N.D. | 0.7908 |
12 | Semi-permanent | Waste water from a factory | 25 | No | No | 1.4 | Redish | Bad | 7.99 | 6650 | 4655 | 552 | – | – | – | – | – | |
13 | Semi-permanent | Accumulations of houses sewage water | 25 | Yes | Yes | 1.6 | Clean | Bad | 7.16 | 313 | 219.1 | 8.44 | – | – | – | – | – | |
14 | Semi-permanent | Accumulations of houses sewage water | 10 | Yes | Yes | 3.7 | Clean | Bad | 7.40 | 2440 | 1708 | 9.49 | – | – | – | – | – | |
15 | Semi-permanent | Accumulations of houses sewage water | 20 | No | Yes | 1.6 | Clean | Bad | 6.81 | 782 | 547.4 | 26.9 | – | – | – | – | – | |
16 | Omdurman | Semi-permanent | Accumulations of houses sewage water | 15 | Yes | Yes | 2 | Yellowish | Bad | 7.18 | 1655 | 1158.5 | 8.26 | – | – | – | – | – |
17 | Semi-permanent | Accumulations of houses sewage water | 60 | Yes | Yes | 0.6 | Clean | Bad | 7.18 | 830 | 581 | 22 | – | – | – | – | – | |
18 | Semi-permanent | Accumulations of houses sewage water | 20 | Yes | Yes | 1.7 | Clean | Bad | 7.36 | 1998 | 1398.6 | 6.44 | – | – | – | – | – | |