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Table 3 Multivariable association between IRS and exposures of interest, adjusted for regional, enumeration area and household clustering in Namibia 2013 (n = 9597)

From: A cross-sectional analysis of ITN and IRS coverage in Namibia in 2013

Exposures of interest

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

RR (95% CI)

p-value

RR (95% CI)

p-value

RR (95% CI)

p-value

Residence type

 Urban

1.00 (reference)

 

1.00 (reference)

 

1.00 (reference)

 

 Rural

6.41 (5.56–7.40)

< 0.001

4.53 (3.5–5.9)

< 0.001

5.02 (3.83–6.58)

< 0.001

Wealth quintile

 Lowest

1.00 (reference)

 

1.00 (reference)

 

1.00 (reference)

 

 Second

0.71 (0.63–0.80)

< 0.001

1.12 (0.98–1.28)

0.097

1.16 (1.02–1.33)

0.029

 Middle

0.50 (0.43–0.57)

< 0.001

1.11 (0.95–1.30)

0.189

1.20 (1.03–1.40)

0.023

 Fourth

0.32 (0.28–0.37)

< 0.001

1.02 (0.84–1.25)

0.813

1.25 (1.03–1.51)

0.021

 Highest

0.16 (0.13–0.20)

< 0.001

1.11 (0.84–1.47)

0.449

1.63 (1.25–2.13)

< 0.001

Regional PfPR2–10 (%)

 < 1

1.00 (reference)

 

1.00 (reference)

 

1.00 (reference)

 

 1 to < 5

15.83 (11.40–22.0)

< 0.001

11.00 (3.18–38.07)

< 0.001

5.82 (1.60–21.22)

0.008

 > 5

23.42 (17.16–31.95)

< 0.001

27.12 (10.76–68.35)

< 0.001

14.54 (5.56–38.02)

< 0.001

  1. Model 1, univariable association between exposures of interest and IRS coverage; Model 2, adjusted for regional and enumeration area clustering; Model 3, additionally adjusted for all other exposures of interest in the table; PfPR2–10, Plasmodium falciparum parasite rate in those aged 2–10 years; IRS, indoor residual spraying