Table 1 Distribution of participants according to ITN use
Variable | Pregnant women n = 1634 | Nonpregnant women with children under 5 years n = 11,197 | Nonpregnant women without children under 5 years n = 3299 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) No n = 883 | n (%) Yes n = 751 | p-valuea | n (%) No n = 5951 | n (%) Yes n = 5246 | p-valuea | n (%) No n = 2009 | n (%) Yes n = 1290 | p-valuea | |
Individual-level factors | |||||||||
 Age (years) |  |  | 0.977 |  |  | < 0.001*** |  |  | 0.061 |
  15–24 | 482 (54.3) | 405 (45.7) |  | 1799 (51.3) | 1709 (48.7) |  | 321 (65.1) | 172 (34.9) |  |
  25–34 | 308 (53.7) | 266 (46.2) |  | 2538 (52.2) | 2326 (47.8) |  | 487 (63.5) | 280 (36.5) |  |
  ≥ 35 | 93 (53.8) | 80 (46.2) |  | 1614 (57.1) | 1211 (42.9) |  | 1201 (58.9) | 838 (41.1) |  |
 Education |  |  | 0.001** |  |  | < 0.001*** |  |  | < 0.001*** |
  No education | 100 (17.4) | 475 (82.6) |  | 952 (62.4) | 573 (37.6) |  | 405 (66.1) | 208 (33.9) |  |
  Primary education | 599 (55.7) | 476 (44.3) |  | 4046 (54.9) | 3316 (45.1) |  | 1219 (63.1) | 713 (36.9) |  |
  Secondary+ | 184 (42.2) | 252 (57.8) |  | 953 (41.3) | 1357 (58.7) |  | 385 (51.1) | 369 (48.9) |  |
 Occupation |  |  | 0.643 |  |  | 0.064 |  |  | 0.038* |
  Unemployed | 291 (55.0) | 238 (45.0) |  | 1656 (51.3) | 1574 (46.7) |  | 494 (64.8) | 268 (35.2) |  |
  Employed | 592 (53.6) | 513 (46.4) |  | 4295 (53.9) | 3672 (46.1) |  | 1515 (59.7) | 1022 (40.3) |  |
 Religion |  |  | 0.925 |  |  | 0.073 |  |  | 0.729 |
  Catholic | 158 (50.8) | 153 (49.2) |  | 1067 (50.4) | 1051 (49.6) |  | 438 (60.2) | 290 (39.8) |  |
  Protestant | 569 (54.3) | 478 (45.7) |  | 4000 (54.9) | 3280 (45.1) |  | 1370 (61.4) | 860 (38.6) |  |
  Muslim and other | 156 (56.5) | 120 (43.5) |  | 884 (55.3) | 715 (44.7) |  | 201 (58.9) | 140 (41.1) |  |
 Wealth |  |  | 0.005** |  |  | < 0.001*** |  |  | < 0.001*** |
  Poor | 449 (59.1) | 311 (40.9) |  | 2782 (59.2) | 1916 (40.8) |  | 627 (67.8) | 298 (32.2) |  |
  Middle | 153 (51.0) | 147 (49.0) |  | 1190 (52.8) | 1064 (47.2) |  | 402 (63.2) | 234 (36.8) |  |
  Rich | 281 (49.0) | 293 (51.0) |  | 1979 (46.6) | 2266 (53.4) |  | 980 (56.4) | 758 (43.6) |  |
 Region |  |  | 0.487 |  |  | 0.579 |  |  | 0.873 |
  Northern | 117 (54.9) | 96 (45.1) |  | 731 (51.6) | 686 (48.4) |  | 231 (62.4) | 139 (37.6) |  |
  Central | 399 (54.4) | 335 (45.6) |  | 2569 (53.9) | 2195 (46.1) |  | 888 (60.1) | 589 (39.9) |  |
  Southern | 367 (54.3) | 320 (46.6) |  | 2651 (52.9) | 2365 (47.1) |  | 890 (60.9) | 572 (39.1) |  |
 Residence |  |  | 0.056 |  |  | < 0.001*** |  |  | 0.016* |
  Rural | 778 (55.4) | 626 (44.6) |  | 5195 (54.6) | 4325 (45.4) |  | 1628 (65.2) | 867 (34.8) |  |
  Urban | 105 (45.7) | 125 (54.3) |  | 756 (45.1) | 920 (54.9) |  | 381 (54.1) | 323 (45.9) |  |
 Altitude (m) |  |  | 0.863 |  |  | 0.922 |  |  | 0.168 |
  < 1600 | 876 (54.0) | 745 (46.0) |  | 5916 (53.1) | 5215 (46.9) |  | 1994 (60.8) | 1285 (39.2) |  |
  ≥ 1600 | 7 (53.8) | 6 (46.2) |  | 35 (45.0) | 31 (47.0) |  | 15 (75.0) | 5 (15.0) |  |
 Parity |  |  | < 0.001*** |  |  | < 0.001*** |  |  | 0.189 |
  Primigravida | 275 (62.8) | 163 (37.2) |  | 61 (81.3) | 14 (18.7) |  | 282 (66.5) | 142 (33.5) |  |
  Secundigravida | 168 (43.5) | 218 (56.5) |  | 1011 (49.6) | 1027 (50.4) |  | 193 (58.5) | 137 (41.5) |  |
  Multigravida | 440 (54.3) | 370 (45.7) |  | 4879 (53.7) | 4205 (46.3) |  | 1535 (60.3) | 1011 (39.7) |  |
 Children under 5 years in HH |  |  | 0.682 |  |  | 0.739 |  |  | – |
  None | 350 (55.5) | 281 (44.5) |  | NA | NA |  | NA | NA |  |
  One | 410 (53.5) | 356 (46.5) |  | 3602 (53.3) | 3155 (46.7) |  | NA | NA |  |
  ≥ 2 | 123 (52.0) | 114 (48.0) |  | 2349 (52.9) | 2091 47.1) |  | NA | NA |  |
 Number of HH members |  |  | 0.011* |  |  | < 0.001*** |  |  | 0.049* |
  < 5 | 505 (50.8) | 489 (49.2) |  | 1888 (47.7) | 2072 (52.3) |  | 943 (58.5) | 670 (41.5) |  |
  ≥ 5 | 378 (59.1) | 262 (40.9) |  | 4063 (56.1) | 3174 (43.9) |  | 1066 (63.2) | 620 (36.8) |  |
 Number of ITNs in HH |  |  | < 0.001*** |  |  | < 0.001*** |  |  | < 0.001*** |
  < 2 | 730 (64.8) | 397 (35.2) |  | 4835 (68.7) | 2202 (31.3) |  | 1689 (80.0) | 423 (20.0) |  |
  ≥ 2 | 153 (30.2) | 354 (69.8) |  | 1116 (26.8) | 3044 (73.2) |  | 320 (27.0) | 867 (73.0) |  |
 IRS |  |  | 0.234 |  |  | 0.340 |  |  | 0.234 |
  No | 832 (54.6) | 693 (45.4) |  | 5605 (53.3) | 4909 (46.7) |  | 1918 (61.2) | 1215 (38.8) |  |
  Yes | 51 (46.8) | 58 (53.2) |  | 346 (50.7) | 336 (49.3) |  | 91 (54.8) | 75 (45.2) |  |
 Media exposure |  |  | 0.013* |  |  | < 0.001*** |  |  | < 0.001*** |
  No | 582 (57.2) | 435 (42.8) |  | 3946 (56.3) | 3063 (43.7) |  | 1241 (64.4) | 685 (35.6) |  |
  Yes | 301 (48.8) | 316 (51.2) |  | 2005 (47.9) | 2183 (52.1) |  | 768 (55.9) | 605 (44.1) |  |
 Distance to HF |  |  | 0.001** |  |  | 0.001** |  |  | <0.001** |
  No problem | 330 (48.2) | 354 (51.8) |  | 2462 (50.7) | 2392 (49.3) |  | 856 (56.8) | 651 (43.2) |  |
  Problem | 553 (58.2) | 397 (41.8) |  | 3489 (55.0) | 2854 (45.0) |  | 1153 (64.3) | 639 (35.7) |  |
 Women’s autonomy in HC decisions |  |  | 0.791 |  |  | 0.088 |  |  | 0.468 |
  Self | 133 (55.6) | 106 (44.4) |  | 1160 (55.1) | 944 (44.9) |  | 405 (61.4) | 255 (38.6) |  |
  Husband alone | 305 (52.6) | 275 (47.4) |  | 1929 (54.0) | 1641 (46.0) |  | 600 (62.8) | 355 (37.2) |  |
  With others | 445 (54.6) | 370 (45.4) |  | 2862 (51.8) | 2661 (48.2) |  | 1005 (59.6) | 680 (40.4) |  |
 Health behaviour |  |  | 0.529 |  |  | < 0.001*** |  |  | 0.008** |
  Poor | 115 (55.3) | 93 (44.7) |  | 788 (60.6) | 512 (39.4) |  | 225 (68.2) | 105 (31.8) |  |
  Moderate | 441 (49.6) | 448 (50.4) |  | 3700 (53.9) | 3169 (46.1) |  | 1250 (61.7) | 777 (38.3) |  |
  Good | 217 (50.8) | 210 (49.2) |  | 1463 (48.3) | 1564 (51.7) |  | 534 (56.7) | 408 (43.3) |  |
Community-level factors | |||||||||
 Community employment |  |  | 0.034* |  |  | 0.170 |  |  | 0.316 |
  Low | 279 (54.9) | 229 (45.1) |  | 1943 (52.4) | 1762 (47.6) |  | 548 (57.7) | 401 (42.3) |  |
  Middle | 237 (48.2) | 255 (51.8) |  | 1721 (51.5) | 1619 (48.5) |  | 698 (62.5) | 418 (37.5) |  |
  High | 367 (57.9) | 267 (42.1) |  | 2287 (55.1) | 1865 (44.9) |  | 763 (61.8) | 471 (38.2) |  |
 Community education |  |  | 0.356 |  |  | 0.007** |  |  | 0.130 |
  Low | 363 (56.5) | 279 (43.5) |  | 2287 (56.1) | 1793 (43.9) |  | 672 (62.3) | 407 (37.7) |  |
  Middle | 303 (51.3) | 288 (48.7) |  | 2045 (53.0) | 1815 (47.0) |  | 763 (63.0) | 449 (37.0) |  |
  High | 217 (54.1) | 184 (45.9) |  | 1619 (49.7) | 1638 (50.3) |  | 574 (51.8) | 434 (48.2) |  |
 Community wealth |  |  | 0.014* |  |  | < 0.001*** |  |  | 0.088 |
  Low | 389 (57.9) | 283 (42.1) |  | 2426 (56.2) | 1894 (43.8) |  | 695 (64.7) | 379 (35.3) |  |
  Middle | 301 (55.2) | 244 (44.8) |  | 2141 (53.8) | 1837 (46.2) |  | 638 (60.7) | 413 (39.3) |  |
  High | 193 (46.3) | 224 (53.7) |  | 1384 (47.7) | 1515 (52.3) |  | 676 (57.6) | 498 (42.4) |  |
 Community distance to HF |  |  | 0.402 |  |  | 0.009** |  |  | 0.128 |
  Low | 255 (54.0) | 217 (46.0) |  | 1367 (49.0) | 1424 (51.0) |  | 675 (60.9) | 434 (39.1) |  |
  Middle | 315 (53.8) | 271 (46.2) |  | 2288 (53.8) | 1967 (46.2) |  | 798 (63.1) | 466 (36.9) |  |
  High | 343 (56.6) | 263 (43.4) |  | 2296 (55.3) | 1854 (44.7) |  | 636 (62.0) | 390 (38.0) |  |
 Community ITN coverage |  |  | < 0.001*** |  |  | < 0.001*** |  |  | < 0.001*** |
  Low | 422 (61.6) | 263 (38.4) |  | 2803 (63.1) | 1638 (36.9) |  | 969 (72.8) | 362 (27.2) |  |
  Middle | 314 (54.2) | 265 (45.8) |  | 2189 (52.4) | 1988 (47.6) |  | 697 (60.2) | 460 (39.8) |  |
  High | 147 (39.7) | 223 (60.3) |  | 959 (37.2) | 1620 (62.8) |  | 343 (42.3) | 468 (57.7) |  |
 Community women’s autonomy in HC decisions |  |  | 0.124 |  |  | 0.106 |  |  | 0.883 |
  Low | 357 (57.9) | 260 (42.9) |  | 2108 (55.1) | 1719 (44.9) |  | 611 (61.8) | 378 (38.2) |  |
  Middle | 262 (50.1) | 261 (49.9) |  | 2033 (53.4) | 1776 (46.6) |  | 694 (60.8) | 447 (39.2) |  |
  High | 263 (53.3) | 230 (46.7) |  | 1810 (50.8) | 1751 (49.2) |  | 704 (60.2) | 465 (39.8) |  |
 Community IRS coverage |  |  | 0.989 |  |  | 0.521 |  |  | 0.736 |
  Low | 288 (36.5) | 500 (63.5) |  | 4262 (53.5) | 3709 (46.5) |  | 1490 (61.1) | 947 (39.9) |  |
  High | 295 (54.0) | 251 (46.0) |  | 1689 (52.3) | 1537 (47.7) |  | 519 (60.2) | 343 (39.8) |  |