Table 5 Prevalence of contextual factors influencing all-cause mortality over time in Mali, 2001 versus 2012–2013
Factors | 2001 % (95% CI) N | 2006 % (95% CI) N | 2012–2013 % (95% CI) N | Changea | p£ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Socio-economic | |||||
Household with improved water source | 43,0 (39–47.1) 10,902 | 57.5 (53.6–61.3) 11,109 | 66.0 (62.5–69.3) 10,105 | 23 | < 0.0001 |
Households with improved toilets | 6.7 (5.3–8.4) 10,902 | 10.2 (8.7–11.8) 11,109 | 17.9 (15.8–20.2) 10,105 | 11.2 | < 0.0001 |
Household with modern floor material | 19.8 (19.9–23.1) 10,902 | 27.2 (23.5–31.2) 11,109 | 28.4 (25.7–31.2) 10,105 | 8.6 | < 0.0001 |
Household with electricity | 11.6 (9.6–14.0) 10,902 | 17.8 (15.3–20.5) 11,109 | 25.6 (22.9–28.8) 10,105 | 14 | < 0.0001 |
Maternal and reproductive | |||||
ANC visits 4+ | 31.0 (28.1–34.0) 7528 | 63.9 (61.1–66.7) 7944 | 41.2 (38.7–43.8) 6773 | 10.2 | < 0.0001 |
Delivery at health centre | 24.4 (21.4–27.7) 12,013 | 47.7 (43.7–51.8) 12,633 | 55.0 (51.5–58.5) 10,402 | 30.6 | < 0.0001 |
Delivery by qualified staff | 25.5 (22.0–29.3) 12,013 | 51.7 (47.9–55.5) 12,633 | 40.1 (36.7–43.5) 10,402 | 14.6 | < 0.0001 |
Last pregnancy protected against NNT (at least 2 doses of NNT) | 32.9 (30.4–35.6) 7528 | 48.7 (45.7–51.8) 7944 | 36.6 (34.3–38.8) 6773 | 3.7 | < 0.0001 |
Vitamin A postnatal supplementation | 18.8 (16.7–21.0) 7528 | 42.2 (39.3–45.2) 7944 | 50.2 (47.6–52.8) 6773 | 31.4 | < 0.0001 |
Nutrition in children | |||||
Vitamin A supplementation | 41.4 (38.4–44.5) 8815 | 74.1 (71.4–76.6) 9666 | 59.8 (57.0–62.4) 8667 | 18.4 | < 0.0001 |
Stunting | 42.2 (40.3–44.0) 10,099 | 37.6 (35.9–39.4) 10,430 | 38.3 (36.2–40.4) 4857 | − 3.9 | < 0.0001 |
Underweight | 28.6 (26.7–30.5) 10,099 | 26.6 (25.0–27.9) 10,430 | 25.5 (23.6–27.4) 4857 | − 3.1 | < 0.001 |
Emaciation | 12.0 (10.8–13.4) 10,099 | 14.8 (13.9–15.9) 10,430 | 12.7 (11.1–14.4) 4857 | 0.7 | < 0.0001 |
Low birth weight | 3.3 (2.7–4.0) 12,013 | 3.9 (3.4–4.6) 12,633 | 4.7 (4.0–5.5) 10,402 | 1.4 | < 0.0001 |
Immunization coverage | |||||
BCG | 70.4 (67.0–73.6) 2003 | 78.1 (74.5–81.3) 2325 | 83.3 (80.8–86.1) 1846 | 12.9 | < 0.0001 |
DPT3 | 41.1 (36.9–45.5) 2003 | 69.2 (65.4–72.7) 2325 | 63.1 (59.7–66.3) 1846 | 22.0 | < 0.0001 |
Polio3 | 41.3 (37.4–45.2) 2003 | 63.6 (60.1–67.1) 2325 | 50.0 (46.5–53.6) 1846 | 8.7 | < 0.0001 |
Measles | 50.2 (46.6–53.7) 2003 | 63.6 (65.1–73.9) 2325 | 71.7 (68.7–74.5) 1846 | 21.5 | < 0.0001 |
Total coverage | 30.0 (26.5–33.8) 2003 | 49.6 (45.8–53.5) 2325 | 38.9 (35.5–42.4) 1846 | 8.9 | < 0.0001 |
Morbidity (past 2 weeks) | |||||
Prevalence of diarrhoea | 17.4 (16.1–18.8) 10,166 | 13.9 (12.7–15.1) 10,959 | 8.6 (7.7–9.6) 9655 | − 8.8 | < 0.0001 |
Prevalence of ARI | 9.6 (8.6–10.7) 10,166 | 5.9 (5.2–6.8) 10,959 | 3.2 (2.7–3.8) 9655 | − 6.4 | < 0.0001 |