Table 4 Multivariable analysis of the risk factors for malaria and bed net use in primary school children in Tanzania
Outcome/covariates | Univariable | Model I (N = 47,157) | Model II (N = 30,715) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Malaria | Malaria | Malaria | Bed net use | |||||
OR (95% CI) | p- value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | |
Gender | ||||||||
 Male vs female | 0.75 (0.71–0.79) | < 0.01 | 0.77 (0.72–0.81) | < 0.01 | 0.74 (0.69–0.79) | < 0.01 | 1.21 (1.14–1.28) | < 0.01 |
Age (years) | ||||||||
 < 9 vs 10–12 | 1.06 (0.98–1.15) | 0.11 | 1.05 (0.96–1.14) | 0.36 | 1.03 (0.92–1.15) | 0.55 | 1.1 (1.01–1.20) | 0.02 |
 < 9 vs > 12 | 1.09 (1.01–1.18) |  | 1.06 (0.98–1.15) |  | 1.05 (0.95–1.17) |  | 1.12 (1.03–1.22) |  |
Parental education | ||||||||
 Primary vs no school | 1.18 (1.06–1.31) | < 0.01 | – |  | 1.18 (1.06–1.32) | < 0.01 | 0.69 (0.63–0.76) | < 0.01 |
 Primary vs secondary or higher | 0.74 (0.67–0.82) |  | – |  | 0.75 (0.67–0.83) |  | 1.48 (1.35–1.61) |  |
Bed net use | ||||||||
 No vs yes | 0.76 (0.71–0.81) | < 0.01 | 0.76 (0.71–0.82) | < 0.01 | 0.81 (0.74–0.88) | < 0.01 | – |  |
Malaria | ||||||||
 Negative vs positive | – |  | – |  | – |  | 0.81 (0.74–0.88) | < 0.01 |
Area | ||||||||
 Rural vs urban | 0.14 (0.05–0.38) | < 0.01 | 0.12 (0.066–0.21) | < 0.01 | 0.15 (0.072–0.29) | < 0.01 | 1.92 (1.25–2.94) | < 0.01 |
Altitude (m) | ||||||||
 < 750 vs 750–1250 | 0.25 (0.12–0.48) | < 0.01 | 0.18 (0.081–0.39) | < 0.01 | 0.26 (0.11–0.62) | 0.02 | 0.43 (0.25–0.74) | 0.01 |
 < 750 vs 1250–1750 | 0.07 (0.04–0.15) |  | 0.12 (0.045–0.31) |  | 0.25 (0.088–0.72) |  | 0.27 (0.14–0.53) |  |
 < 750 vs > 1750 | 0.002 (0.00–0.02) |  | 0.02 (0.003–0.14) |  | 0.07 (0.0093–0.47) |  | 0.12 (0.049–0.31) |  |
Temperature suitability index | ||||||||
 TSI (2er intervals) | 3.51 (2.80–4.39) | < 0.01 | – | < 0.01 | 2.2 (1.56–3.09) | < 0.01 | 1 (0.81–1.24) | 0.98 |
Zone | ||||||||
 Central vs eastern | 28.15 (7.68–103.20) | < 0.01 | 1.86 (0.60–5.72) | < 0.01 | 2.11 (0.63–7.01) | < 0.01 | 2.13 (0.96–4.71) | < 0.01 |
 Central vs western | 59.21 (15.40–228.10) |  | 31.13 (11.6–83.4) |  | 11.21 (3.23–39.0) |  | 2.18 (0.91–5.19) |  |
 Central vs southern | 72.58 (17.70–296.90) |  | 2.79 (0.83–9.33) |  |  |  |  |  |
 Central vs southern highlands | 2.13 (0.53–8.53) |  | 2.64 (0.91–7.67) |  | 0.41 (0.092–1.85) |  | 0.71 (0.33–1.52) |  |
 Central vs southwest highlands | 10.33 (2.82–37.80) |  | 6.7 (2.52–17.9) |  | 3.19 (1.06–9.60) |  | 1.57 (0.78–3.15) |  |
 Central vs northern | 1.05 (0.29–3.77) |  | 0.47 (0.17–1.31) |  | 0.43 (0.15–1.19) |  | 0.72 (0.40–1.30) |  |
 Central vs lake | 69.76 (23.0–211.9) |  | 40.97 (18.0–93.4) |  | 24.43 (10.4–57.1) |  | 3.54 (2.03–6.18) |  |
Eco-zone (tropical) | ||||||||
 Scrubland vs dry forest | 4.92 (2.44–9.94) | < 0.01 | – |  | 2.06 (1.14–3.72) | 0.22 | 0.93 (0.61–1.41) | 0.81 |
 Scrubland vs moist deci. forest | 4.98 (2.31–10.73) |  | – |  | 2.36 (1.21–4.60) |  | 0.89 (0.57–1.38) |  |
 Scrubland vs mountain system | 0.56 (0.23–1.34) |  | – |  | 1.51 (0.68–3.38) |  | 1.01 (0.64–1.60) |  |
 Scrubland vs rainforest | 7.63 (2.90–20.08) |  | – |  | 3.01 (1.41–6.40) |  | 1.33 (0.76–2.31) |  |