Table 1 Description of sample characteristics
Variable | 2010 n = 12,378 | 2015–2016 n = 10,196 | Comparison p value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | ||
Child factors | |||||
Age (months) | 0.002 | ||||
≤12 | 3032 | (24.5) | 2608 | (25.6) | |
13–23 | 2409 | (19.5) | 1762 | (17.3) | |
24–59 | 6937 | (56.0) | 5826 | (57.1) | |
Gender of child | 0.242 | ||||
Male | 6045 | (48.2) | 5077 | (49.8) | |
Female | 6333 | (51.2) | 5119 | (50.2) | |
Maternal characteristics | |||||
Maternal age (years) | 0.013 | ||||
15–24 | 4180 | (33.8) | 3700 | (36.3) | |
24–34 | 5915 | (47.8) | 4564 | (44.8) | |
≥ 35 | 2283 | (18.4) | 1932 | (18.9) | |
Educational level | < 0.001 | ||||
No formal education | 1987 | (16.1) | 1192 | (11.7) | |
Primary | 8310 | (67.1) | 6708 | (65.8) | |
Secondary/post-secondary | 2081 | (16.8) | 2296 | (22.5) | |
Employed | < 0.001 | ||||
No | 2985 | (24.1) | 2969 | (29.1) | |
Yes | 9394 | (75.9) | 7227 | (70.9) | |
Ethnicity | 0.289 | ||||
Chewa | 4326 | (35.0) | 3566 | (35.0) | |
Tumbuka | 1081 | (8.7) | 938 | (9.2) | |
Lomwe | 2014 | (16.3) | 1855 | (18.2) | |
Yao | 1634 | (13.2) | 1498 | (14.7) | |
Ngoni | 1449 | (11.7) | 1154 | (11.3) | |
Others | 1874 | (15.1) | 1186 | (11.6) | |
Marital status | < 0.001 | ||||
Unmarried | 1366 | (11.0) | 1430 | (14.0) | |
Married | 11,012 | (89.0) | 8766 | (86.0) | |
Religion | 0.058 | ||||
Catholic | 2655 | (21.4) | 1900 | (18.6) | |
Protestant | 2581 | (20.9) | 2279 | (22.4) | |
Muslim and others | 7142 | (57.7) | 6017 | (59.0) | |
Health behaviour | < 0.001 | ||||
Desirable | 7889 | (64.0) | 4447 | (36.0) | |
Undesirable | 4489 | (43.9) | 5749 | (56.1) | |
Household factors | |||||
Wealth | 0.188 | ||||
Poorest | 2303 | (52.1) | 2118 | (47.9) | |
Poorer | 2643 | (53.6) | 2284 | (46.4) | |
Middle | 2786 | (27.3) | 2076 | (42.7) | |
Richer | 2337 | (55.0) | 1912 | (45.0) | |
Richest | 2309 | (56.1) | 1806 | (43.9) | |
Gender of head of household | < 0.001 | ||||
Male | 10,105 | (81.6) | 7868 | (77.2) | |
Female | 2273 | (18.4) | 2328 | (22.8) | |
Roofing material | < 0.001 | ||||
Unimproved | 8418 | (68.0) | 5967 | (58.5) | |
Improved | 3960 | (32.0) | 4229 | (41.5) | |
Region | 0.981 | ||||
Northern | 1430 | (11.6) | 1167 | (11.4) | |
Central | 5251 | (42.4) | 4279 | (42.0) | |
Southern | 5697 | (46.0) | 4750 | (46.6) | |
Residence | 0.830 | ||||
Urban | 1749 | (14.1) | 1393 | (13.7) | |
Rural | 10629 | (85.9) | 8803 | (86.3) | |
Household ITN supply | 0.089 | ||||
Very poor | 6007 | (56.0) | 4718 | (44.0) | |
Poor | 3491 | (54.4) | 2930 | (45.6) | |
Good | 2880 | (53.1) | 2548 | (46.9) | |