Table 1 Participant characteristics
From: Does reduced oxygen delivery cause lactic acidosis in falciparum malaria? An observational study
Variable | Healthy (N = 26) | Uncomplicated malaria (N = 50) | Severe malaria (N = 46) | Sepsis (N = 27) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex (% male) | 81 | 78 | 67 | 56 | 0.12 |
Coma (% GCS < 11) | 0 | 0 | 57 | 15 | < 0.001 |
Lactate > 4 mmol/l (%) | 0 | 0 | 46 | 4 | < 0.001 |
Creatinine > 3 mg/dl (%) | 0 | 0 | 26 | 7 | < 0.001 |
Died (%) | 0 | 0 | 24 | 19 | 0.001 |
Age (years) | 28 (26 to 35) | 25 (20 to 40) | 35 (26 to 42) | 32 (23 to 55) | 0.196 |
Temperature (°C) | 36.8 (36.6 to 37) | 37.5 (36.9 to 38.7) | 37.6 (37.1 to 38.7) | 38.8 (38.2 to 39.3) | < 0.001 |
Heart rate (/min) | 67 (60 to 74) | 95 (85 to 112) | 105 (87 to 123) | 102 (88 to 114) | < 0.001 |
Base excess (mM) | 2 (− 1 to 2) | − 1 (− 3 to 1) | − 7 (− 11 to − 2) | 1 (− 3 to 3) | < 0.001 |
Plasma lactate (mM) | 1.1 (0.9 to 1.4) | 1.5 (1.1 to 2) | 3.7 (2.5 to 6.5) | 1.7 (1.1 to 2.2) | < 0.001 |
Creatinine (mg/dl) | 0.9 (0.8 to 1) | 1 (0.8 to 1.2) | 1.4 (1 to 3.3) | 1 (0.9 to 1.3) | < 0.001 |
Parasitaemia (/μl) | NA | 18,903 (3768 to 56,796) | 74,920 (19,091 to 282,751) | NA | 0.002 |
Plasma PfHRP2 (ng/ml) | NA | 312 (172 to 763) | 2492 (1664 to 3950) | NA | < 0.001 |
Plasma arginine (μM) | 101 (85 to 107) | 52 (37 to 64) | 53 (37 to 75) | 49 (39 to 54) | < 0.001 |
Plasma ADMA (μM) | 0.53 (0.48 to 0.56) | 0.58 (0.48 to 0.75) | 0.58 (0.47 to 0.89) | 0.5 (0.39 to 0.61) | 0.032 |
Plasma arginine/ADMA | 186 (160 to 227) | 87 (70 to 112) | 77 (66 to 98) | 92 (68 to 132) | < 0.001 |
Plasma CFH (μM) | 2.7 (1.3 to 4.8) | 3.6 (1.9 to 5.1) | 8 (3.8 to 14.5) | 2.3 (0.6 to 5.6) | < 0.001 |
VO2I (ml/min/m2) | 107.9 (69.9 to 138.1) | 185.1 (135 to 215.9) | 192 (140.7 to 227.9) | 155.3 (132.1 to 196.4) | < 0.001 |
VCO2I (ml/min/m2) | 86.3 (56.5 to 105.6) | 118.3 (89.3 to 155) | 132.6 (98.4 to 145.6) | 105.2 (73.9 to 131.3) | 0.003 |
RQ | 0.77 (0.7 to 0.86) | 0.63 (0.58 to 0.76) | 0.67 (0.59 to 0.74) | 0.64 (0.59 to 0.83) | 0.004 |
CI (ml/min/m2) | 2575 (2340 to 3111) | 3792 (3404 to 4439) | 4167 (3564 to 4876) | 4142 (2988 to 4916) | < 0.001 |
Haematocrit (%) | 43 (38 to 46) | 32 (25 to 37) | 26 (20 to 35) | 37 (30 to 42) | < 0.001 |
O2 saturation (%) | 97 (96 to 98) | 97 (96 to 99) | 96 (95 to 97) | 95 (92 to 97) | < 0.001 |
DO2I (ml/min/m2) | 503 (447 to 517) | 515 (432 to 612) | 487 (382 to 601) | 575 (513 to 694) | 0.02 |
VO2/DO2 | 0.23 (0.17 to 0.28) | 0.35 (0.28 to 0.44) | 0.38 (0.29 to 0.48) | 0.26 (0.21 to 0.34) | < 0.001 |