Polymorphisms in Pvkelch12 and gene amplification of Pvplasmepsin4 in Plasmodium vivax from Thailand, Lao PDR and Cambodia

Table 3 The ratio of nonsynonymous substitutions (Ka) per site and synonymous substitutions (Ks) per site in Pvpm4 gene

Frequence of Pfplasmepsin2 CNV	Treatment guidelines for P. falciparum	Location	Year	Total	Ka	Ks	Ka/Ks^a
Pfplasmepsin2 (< 5%)	Artesunate-Mefloquine	Thailand (Tak)	2007–2012	107	2.04 × 10⁻³	8.22 × 10⁻³	0.2488
	DHA-PPQ	Thailand (Ubon Ratchathani)	2012–2015	56	2.04 × 10⁻³	4.12 × 10⁻³	0.4968
	Artemether–lumefantrine	Lao PDR (Champasak)	2013–2014	57	2.04 × 10⁻³	4.10 × 10⁻³	0.4985
Pfplasmepsin2 (5–30%)	DHA-PPQ	Cambodia (Pailin)	2013–2014	85	2.04 × 10⁻³	0	Error

^aKa/Ks ratios of Pvpm4 are grouped by presumed DHA-PPQ drug pressure based on Pfplasmepsin2 amplification prevalence in P. falciparum in the same areas [33, 34]. Ka and Ks were estimated by using approximate method, Jukes-Cantor (JC) and Kimuras-two parameter models: https://kakscalculator.herokuapp.com/calculate.action [21]

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