African isolates show a high proportion of multiple copies of the Plasmodium falciparum plasmepsin-2 gene, a piperaquine resistance marker

Table 3 Distribution (number and proportion) of genotypes (kelch13 mutations, Pfmdr1 and Pfpm2 gene copy numbers) detected in Plasmodium falciparum isolates collected in four sites located in Southeast Asia in 2014–2015

Locus	Allele/haplotype	Site
		Gai Lai		Binh Phuoc		Quang Tri		Khanh Hao
		N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%
kelch 13	ART
	C580Y	3	23.1	16	61.5	0		6	21.4
	C580Y + P553L	0		0		0		2	7.1
	I543T	0		1	3.8	0		0
	P553L	4	30.8	2	7.7	0		11	39.3
	V568G	1	7.7	0		0		0
	OTH C469P	1	7.7	0		0		0
	WT	4	30.8	7	26.9	1	100	9	32.1
Pfpm2	Single copy	15	83.3	20	71.4	1	100	32	100
Pfpm2	Multiple copies	3	16.7	8	28.6	0		0
Pfmdr1	Single copy	16	88.9	27	96.4	1	100	30	93.8
Pfmdr1	Multiple copies	2	11.1	1	3.6	0		2	6.3
Pfpm2/Pfmdr1	Single copy/single copy	14	77.8	19	67.9	1	100	30	93.8
	Single copy/multiple copies	1	5.6	1	3.6	0		2	6.3
	Multiple copies/single copy	2	11.1	8	28.6	0		0
	Multiple copies/multiple copies	1	5.6	0		0		0
kelch 13/Pfpm2/Pfmdr1	ART
	Single copy/single copy	7	53.8	10	41.7	0		18	64.3
	Single copy/multiple copies	0		1	4.2	0		1	3.6
	Multiple copies/single copy	0		7	29.2	0		0
	Multiple copies/multiple copies	1	7.7	0	–	0		0
	OTH
	Single copy/single copy	–		0		0		0
	Single copy/multiple copies	1	7.7	0		0		0
	Multiple copies/single copy	–		0		0		0
	Multiple copies/multiple copies	–		0		0		0
	WT
	Single copy/single copy	2	15.4	6	25	1	100	8	28.6
	Single copy/multiple copies	–		0		0		1	3.6
	Multiple copies/single copy	2	15.4	0		0		0
	Multiple copies/multiple copies	–		0		0		0

ART: validated or candidate kelch 13 mutations; WT: kelch 13 Wild type, OTH: kelch 13 mutations with unknown association with artemisinin resistance
Italic font denotes the allele or haplotype associate with drug resistance

ISSN: 1475-2875