African isolates show a high proportion of multiple copies of the Plasmodium falciparum plasmepsin-2 gene, a piperaquine resistance marker

Table 4 Distribution (number and proportion) of genotypes (kelch13 mutations, Pfmdr1 and Pfpm2 gene copy numbers) detected in Plasmodium falciparum isolates collected in nine sites located in Africa in 2014–2015

Locus	Allele/haplotype	Site
		BEN		BF		DRC		GAB		MOZ		UGA
		N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%
kelch 13	ART	0		0		0		0		0		0
	OTH
	A578S	0		1	0.875	0		2	2.4	1	7.1	3	2.6
	Y541F	0		1	0.875	0		0		0		0
	M562T	0		1	0.875	0		0		0		0
	A626V	0		1	0.875	0		0		0		0
	WT	1	100	110	96.5	4	100	81	97.6	13	92.9	113	97.4
Pfpm2	Single copy	0		73	69.5	1	50	63	88.7	7	87.5	74	66.1
Pfpm2	Multiple copies	0		32	30.5	1	50	8	11.3	1	12.5	38	33.9
Pfmdr1	Single copy	0		92	87.6	1	50	55	76.4	10	83.3	82	72.6
Pfmdr1	Multiple copies	0		13	12.4	1	50	17	23.6	2	16.7	31	27.4
Pfpm2/Pfmdr1	Single copy/single copy	0		70	66.7	1	50	51	71.8	7	87.5	60	53.6
	Single copy/multiple copies	0		3	2.9	0		12	16.9	0		14	12.5
	Multiple copies/single copy	0		22	20.9	0		3	4.3	1	12.5	21	18.8
	Multiple copies/multiple copies	0		10	9.4	1	50	5	7	0		17	15.1
kelch 13/Pfpm2/Pfmdr1	ART
	Single copy/single copy	0		0		0		0		0
	Single copy/multiple copies	0		0		0		0		0
	Multiple copies/single copy	0		0		0		0		0
	Multiple copies/multiple copies	0		0		0		0		0
	OTH
	Single copy/single copy	0		0		0		0		1	12.5	2	1.9
	Single copy/multiple copies	0		1	1	0		1	1.5	0		1	0.9
	Multiple copies/single copy	0		2	1.9	0		0		0
	Multiple copies/multiple copies	0		0		0		0		0
	WT
	Single copy/single copy	0		69	66.3	1	50	51	71.8	6	75	56	52.3
	Single copy/multiple copies	0		3	2.9	0		11	15.5	0		13	12.1
	Multiple copies/single copy	0		20	19.2	0		3	4.2	1	12.5	19	17.8
	Multiple copies/multiple copies	0		9	8.7	1	50	5	7	0		16	15

Countries: BEN: Benin; BF: Burkina Faso; DRC: Democratic Republic of Congo; GAB: Gabon; MOZ: Mozambique; UGA: Uganda. ART: validated or candidate kelch13 mutations; WT: kelch 13 Wild type, OTH: kelch13 mutations with unknown association with artemisinin resistance
Italic font denotes the allele or haplotype associate with drug resistance

ISSN: 1475-2875