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Table 4 Independent predictors of incidence and prevalence of malaria in multivariate analysis

From: Does anthropometric status at 6 months predict the over-dispersion of malaria infections in children aged 6–18 months? A prospective cohort study

 

Incidence of ‘presumed’ malaria (N = 2561)

Incidence of clinical malaria (N = 2497)

Incidence of confirmed malaria (N = 2497)

Prevalence of malaria parasitaemia at age 18 months (N = 1662)

IRRa (95% CI)

p-value

IRRa (95% CI)

p-value

IRRa (95% CI)

p-value

PRb (95% CI)

p-value

Child factors at age 6 months

Haemoglobin (g/L)

1.00 (0.99 to 1.01)

0.529

0.99 (0.98 to 1.00)

0.016

1.00 (0.99 to 1.01)

0.845

0.98 (0.97 to 0.99)

0.001

Iron deficiencyc

1.04 (0.91 to 1.18)

0.587

1.03 (0.83 to 1.28)

0.773

1.20 (1.04 to 1.39)

0.012

2.11 (1.24 to 3.57)

0.006

Maternal factors at enrollment

Maternal age

1.01 (1.00 to 1.02)

0.011

0.99 (0.97 to 1.01)

0.149

1.00 (0.98 to 1.01)

0.200

0.97 (0.94 to 0.99)

0.033

Maternal education

0.99 (0.97 to 1.01)

0.427

1.00 (0.98 to 1.03)

0.783

0.97 (0.95 to 0.99)

0.024

0.90 (0.85 to 0.96)

0.001

Household factors at enrollment

Household Food Insecurity Access Score

1.00 (0.99 to 1.01)

0.809

1.02 (1.01 to 1.04)

0.022

1.01 (0.99 to 1.02)

0.065

1.02 (0.99 to 1.05)

0.184

Asset scores

0.86 (0.80 to 0.93)

< 0.001

0.94 (0.83 to 1.07)

0.343

0.73 (0.64 to 0.83)

< 0.001

0.92 (0.63 to 1.34)

0.666

Environmental factors

LNS intervention (vs control)

1.00 (0.88 to 1.14)

0.983

1.11 (0.89 to 1.37)

0.343

1.02 (0.86 to 1.22)

0.783

1.07 (0.70 to 1.62)

0.765

Study site

Mangochi

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

Namwera

0.94 (0.81 to 1.09)

0.457

1.49 (1.20 to 1.85)

< 0.001

1.73 (1.50 to 1.99)

< 0.001

1.49 (0.99 to 2.24)

0.054

Malindi

1.12 (0.88 to 1.42)

0.337

0.45 (0.27 to 0.73)

0.001

0.58 (0.43 to 0.78)

< 0.001

0.74 (0.29 to 1.88)

0.531

Lungwena

0.91 (0.75 to 1.09)

0.303

0.24 (0.14 to 0.41)

< 0.001

0.33 (0.25 to 0.44)

< 0.001

0.65 (0.36 to 1.19)

0.163

  1. Other factors included in the models but not significant were: sex of the child, birth month, number of children in household, and daily use of insecticide-treated bed nets
  2. CI: confidence interval; IRR: incidence rate ratio; LNS: lipid-based nutrient supplements; PR: prevalence ratio; ZPP: zinc protoporphyrin
  3. a Incidence rate ratio, obtained using negative binomial regression. The IRR represents the rate of change in incidence of malaria (for each 1-unit higher in the continuous predictors or for each group compared to the reference group in the categorical predictors), adjusted for other variables
  4. b Prevalence ratio, obtained using a modified Poisson regression (with a robust variance estimator) [29]. The PR represents the rate of change in prevalence of malaria parasitaemia (for each 1-unit higher in the continuous predictors or for each group compared to the reference group in the categorical predictors), adjusted for other variables
  5. c ZPP > 70 µmol/mol heme [28]
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Malaria Journal

ISSN: 1475-2875

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