Household and maternal risk factors for malaria in pregnancy in a highly endemic area of Uganda: a prospective cohort study

Table 4 Factors associated with microscopic parasitaemia during pregnancy following initiation of IPTp

Variable	Categories	Parasitaemia^a n (%)	Univariate analysis		Multivariate analysis
Variable	Categories	Parasitaemia^a n (%)	RR (95% CI)	p-value	aRR^b (95% CI)	p-value
Wealth index categories	Least poor	135 (12.1)	Reference	–	Reference	–
	Middle	206 (17.8)	1.37 (1.01–1.87)	0.04	1.34 (1.06–1.70)	0.02
	Poorest	186 (16.0)	1.27 (0.93–1.73)	0.13	1.25 (0.97–1.62)	0.08
Type of house construction^c	Modern	94 (12.1)	Reference	–	Reference	–
Type of house construction^c	Traditional	433 (16.3)	1.36 (0.99–1.85)	0.06	1.18 (0.91–1.53)	0.22
Whether airbricks were present	Present	107 (11.2)	Reference	–	Reference	–
Whether airbricks were present	Not present	420 (16.9)	1.51 (1.12–2.03)	0.007	1.46 (1.04–2.05)	0.03
Number of windows present	≥ 2 windows	98 (14.7)	Reference	–	Reference	–
	1 window	326 (16.0)	1.09 (0.80–1.50)	0.58	0.95 (0.74–1.20)	0.65
	No windows	103 (14.1)	0.94 (0.63–1.39)	0.75	0.92 (0.68–1.24)	0.59
Level of education	O level or beyond	104 (12.6)	Reference	–	Reference	–
Level of education	None or primary	423 (16.2)	1.28 (0.95–1.73)	0.11	1.33 (1.03–1.72)	0.03
Categories of gravidity	Multigravida	202 (11.1)	Reference	–	Reference	–
	Secundigravida	107 (12.9)	1.18 (0.86–1.62)	0.30	1.44 (1.13–1.83)	0.003
	Primigravida	218 (27.5)	2.46 (1.89–3.20)	< 0.001	2.27 (1.84–2.80)	< 0.001
IPTp regimen	Monthly DP	9 (0.5)	Reference	–	Reference	–
IPTp regimen	Monthly SP	518 (30.8)	59.71 (31.03–114.91)	< 0.001	59.11 (30.76–113.59)	< 0.001

RR risk ratio
^aMeasured at the time of routine visits done every 4 weeks during pregnancy (n = 3434)
^bAdjusted for wealth index, type of house construction, level of education, categories of gravidity and IPTp regimen
^cModern houses defined as those with plaster or cement walls, metal or wooden roof, and closed eaves; all other houses defined as traditional

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