Table 3 Factors associated with low level of cognitive development using univariate and multivariate hierarchical level analysis
From: Malaria impact on cognitive function of children in a peri-urban community in the Brazilian Amazon
Factors | % | OR | CI 95% | OR adjusted | CI 95% |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Socio-economic | |||||
Brick-built house | |||||
No | 63.9 | 1 | |||
Yes | 36.1 | 1097 | 0.513–2.346 | ||
Family income | |||||
≤ 1 min. wage | 9.1 | 1 | |||
> 1 min. wage | 90.9 | 0.92 | 0.254–3.326 | ||
Sewage system | |||||
No | 98.2 | 1 | |||
Yes | 1.8 | 0.563 | 0.569–5.579 | ||
Housing conditions | |||||
Precarious | 21 | 1 | |||
Reasonable | 43.4 | 0.632 | 0.247–1.617 | ||
Better conditions | 35.6 | 1820 | 0.595–5.569 | ||
> 2 residents/room | |||||
No | 73.9 | 1 | |||
Yes | 26.1 | 1.225 | 0.521–2.877 | ||
Maternal and family conditions | |||||
Adolescent mother | |||||
No | 99.1 | 1 | |||
Yes | 0.1 | 0 | 0.011–3.042 | ||
Mother’s education | |||||
Not study | 90.4 | 1 | |||
Study | 9.6 | 1 | 0.248–2.503 | ||
Disorders during pregnancy | |||||
No | 89.1 | 1 | |||
Yes | 10.9 | 2240 | 0.502–9.993 | ||
Level of family stimulus | |||||
More stimulated | 25.1 | 1 | |||
Regularly stimulated | 25.1 | 0.511 | 0.159–1.637 | ||
Little stimulated | 26.1 | 0.375 | 0.122–1.147 | ||
Almost no stimulus | 23.7 | 0.477 | 0.148–1.534 | ||
Child health | |||||
Malnutrition | |||||
No | 19.2 | 1 | |||
Yes | 80.8 | 1307 | 0.543–3.127 | ||
Anemia | |||||
No | 84.1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Yes | 15.9 | 2245 | 0.647–7.785 | 2.877 | 0.810–10.221 |
Intestinal parasites | |||||
No | 16.4 | 1 | |||
Yes | 83.6 | 1.062 | 0.405–2.779 | ||
Premature birth | |||||
No | 94.1 | 1 | |||
Yes | 5.9 | 0.613 | 0.159–2.350 | ||
Low birth weight | |||||
No | 94.5 | 1 | |||
Yes | 5.5 | 0.959 | 0.200–4.579 | ||
Breastfeeding until the sixth month | |||||
No | 54.1 | 1 | |||
Yes | 45.9 | 0.824 | 0.345–1.965 | ||
Vaccinated | |||||
No | 10.1 | 1 | |||
Yes | 89.9 | 0.225 | 0.029–1.734 | ||
Infectious disease in the last 30 days | |||||
No | 98.2 | 1 | |||
Yes | 1.8 | 0.563 | 0.569–5.579 | ||
Chronic diseases | |||||
No | 98.2 | 1 | |||
Yes | 1.8 | 0.563 | 0.569–5.579 | ||
Exposure to malaria | |||||
Occurrence of malaria | |||||
No malaria history | 54.3 | 1 | 1 | ||
Had an episode/more | 45.7 | 2044 | 0.946–4.414 | 2.205 | 1.002–4.853 |
Number of malaria episodes | |||||
1 | 65 | 1 | |||
2 | 12 | 1.327 | 0.148–11.888 | ||
3 | 14 | 0.724 | 0.133–3.924 | ||
4 | 9.0 | 1 | 0.104–8.906 | ||
Exposure to Malaria | |||||
No exposure | 54.3 | 1 | |||
Mild | 5.0 | 2.526 | 0.308–20.709 | ||
Moderate | 33.8 | 2.084 | 0.882–4.923 | ||
Severe | 6.9 | 1.642 | 0.346–6.194 | ||
Malaria-related hospitalization | |||||
No | 95.8 | 1 | |||
Yes | 4.1 | 0.325 | 0.030–3.463 | ||
Malaria during pregnancy | |||||
No | 88.6 | 1 | |||
Yes | 11.4 | 0.731 | 0.254–2.100 | ||
Malaria attacks during pregnancy | |||||
No | 94.1 | 1 | |||
Yes | 5.9 | 0.4 | 0.116–1.382 | ||