Insecticide resistance profiles of Anopheles gambiae s.l. in Togo and genetic mechanisms involved, during 3-year survey: is there any need for resistance management?

Malaria Journal

Table 3 Distribution and frequency of the L1014F knockdown resistance (kdr) alleles of An. gambiae s.l. populations from Togo

Species	Agricultural practices	Sites	N	Genotypes			f (L1014F)	[95% CI]	p(HW)
				1014L	1014L	1014F
				1014L	1014F	1014F
An. arabiensis	Cotton	KOL 2012	1	0	0	1	0.98	[0.71–1.25]	–
	Cotton	KOL 2016	3	0	0	3	0.98	[0.82–1.14]	–
	Vegetables	BAG 2012	1	0	0	1	0.98	[0.71–1.25]	–
	Vegetables	BAG 2013	2	0	0	2	0.98	[0.79–1.17]	–
An. coluzzii	Rice	KOV 2013	26	1	2	23	0.923	[0.82–1.03]	0.1167
	Rice	KOV 2016	61	0	1	60	0.992	[0.97–1.01]	–
	Cotton	KOL 2013	133	49	1	83	0.628	[0.55–0.71]	0.0000
	Cotton	KOL 2016	15	1	0	14	0.933	[0.80–1.06]	–
	Vegetables	BAG 2013	2	0	0	2	0.98	[0.79–1.17]	–
	Vegetables	BAG 2016	9	0	0	9	0.98	[0.89–1.07]	–
An. gambiae	Cotton	KOL 2012	60	0	0	60	0.98	[0.94–1.02]	–
		KOL 2013	137	5	1	131	0.96	[0.93–0.99]	0.0000
		KOL 2016	30	0	0	30	0.98	[0.93–1.03]	–
	Vegetables	BAG 2012	142	0	0	142	0.98	[0.96–1.00]	–
		BAG 2013	62	0	0	62	0.98	[0.95–1.01]	–
		BAG 2016	14	0	0	14	0.98	[0.86–1.10]	–

KOV, Kovié; KOL, Kolokopé; BAG, Baguida; N, number of mosquitoes; f (L1014F), frequency of the L1014F resistant allele; CI, confidence interval; p(HW), probability of the exact test for goodness of fit Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium