Fig. 2

Tamoxifen active metabolite, 4-hydroxytamoxifen, inhibits intra-erythrocytic P. falciparum growth. Plasmodium falciparum cultures synchronized at ring/trophozoite (a) or schizont (b) stages at the beginning of the experiment were incubated with vehicle (DMSO 0.5%) as a control (c), or 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-OH Tam) at 25 μM for 24 h (a) or 18 h (b). Quantification results for parasite stages at 24 h (a) or 18 h (b) after addition of tamoxifen show average and standard deviation of quadruplicated determinations for rings/trophozoites (white bars), and schizonts (gray bars). Statistical significance was calculated using 2-way ANOVA (****p < 0.0001), ns (not significant). The panels show representative images of parasites at the indicated time points