Table 1 Characteristics of studies. Characteristics of studies included in the systematic review, up to July 2018

Ansari et al.

India

Field

Pine oil (Pinus)

1 ml without dilution

An. culicifacies

100

11

Citronella (lemongrass oil)

1 ml without dilution

An. culicifacies

100

11

Ansari et al.

India

Field

D. sissoo oil

1 ml without dilution

An. culicifacies

96.1

10.3

D. sissoo oil

1 ml without dilution

An. annularis

100

11

D. sissoo oil

1 ml without dilution

An. subpictus

89.7

8

Ansari et al.

India

Field

Peppermint oil

1 ml without dilution

An. culicifacies

92.3

9.6

Peppermint oil

1 ml without dilution

An. annularis

100

11

Peppermint oil

1 ml without dilution

An. subpictus

83.1

7.3

Amer et al.

Germany

Laboratory

Citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus) essential oils

20% oil solutions

An. stephensi

52.4

8

Rosewood (Aniba rosaeodora) essential oils

20% oil solutions

An. stephensi

4.8

6.5

Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) essential oils

20% oil solutions

An. stephensi

80.9

8

Camphor (C. camphora) essential oils

20% oil solutions

An. stephensi

42.8

8

Catnip (N. cataria) essential oils

20% oil solutions

An. stephensi

100

8

Geranium (Pelargonium graveolens) essential oils

20% oil solutions

An. stephensi

61.9

8

Thyme (T. serpyllum) essential oils

20% oil solutions

An. stephensi

33.3

7.5

Eucalyptus (E. globulus) essential oils

20% oil solutions

An. stephensi

28.6

5.5

Jasmine (Jasminum grandiflorum) essential oils

20% oil solutions

An. stephensi

100

8

Broad-leaved eucalyptus (Eucalyptus dives) essential oils

20% oil solutions

An. stephensi

38.1

8

Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oil

20% oil solutions

An. stephensi

100

8

Lemon-scented eucalyptus (E. citriodora) essential oil

20% oil solutions

An. stephensi

52.4

8

Fichtennadel (Picea excelsa) essential oil

20% oil solutions

An. stephensi

19

3

Amyris (Amyris balsamifera) essential oil

20% oil solutions

An. stephensi

100

8

Lemon (Citrus limon) essential oil

20% oil solutions

An. stephensi

9.5

7

Narrow-leaved eucalyptus (Eucalyptus radiata) essential oil

20% oil solutions

An. stephensi

42.8

8

Carotin oil (Glycina soja) essential oil

20% oil solutions

An. stephensi

9.5

8

Cedarwood (Juniperus virginiana) essential oil

20% oil solutions

An. stephensi

38.1

8

frankincense (Boswellia carteri) essential oil

20% oil solutions

An. stephensi

19

5

Dill (Anethum graveolens) essential oil

20% oil solutions

An. stephensi

71.4

3.5

Myrtle (M. communis) essential oil

20% oil solutions

An. stephensi

42.8

6.5

Chamomile (Anthemis nobilis) essential oil

20% oil solutions

An. stephensi

76.2

8

Cinnamon (C. zeylanicum) essential oil

20% oil solutions

An. stephensi

100

8

Juniper (Juniperus communis) essential oil

20% oil solutions

An. stephensi

76.2

8

Sage (Salvia sclarea) essential oil

20% oil solutions

An. stephensi

19

5

Peppermint (Mentha piperita) essential oil

20% oil solutions

An. stephensi

57.1

6.5

Basil (Ocimum basilicum) essential oil

20% oil solutions

An. stephensi

66.7

3.5

Cajeput (Melaleuca leucadendron) essential oil

20% oil solutions

An. stephensi

100

8

Soya bean (Glycina max) essential oil

20% oil solutions

An. stephensi

76.2

8

Rosemary (R. officinalis) essential oil

20% oil solutions

An. stephensi

100

8

Niaouli (Melaleuca quinquenervia) essential oil

20% oil solutions

An. stephensi

100

8

Olive (O. europaea) essential oil

20% oil solutions

An. stephensi

71.4

8

Black pepper (Piper nigrum) essential oil

20% oil solutions

An. stephensi

61.9

3

Verbena (Lippia citriodora) essential oil

20% oil solutions

An. stephensi

38.1

5.5

tagetes (T. minuta) essential oil

20% oil solutions

An. stephensi

100

8

Violet (Viola odorata) essential oil

20% oil solutions

An. stephensi

100

8

Sandalwood (Santalum album) essential oil

20% oil solutions

An. stephensi

100

8

Litsea (Litsea cubeba) Essential oil

20% oil solutions

An. stephensi

100

8

Helichrysum (Helichrysum italicum) essential oil

20% oil solutions

An. stephensi

47.6

6

Galbanum (Ferula galbaniflua) essential oil

20% oil solutions

An. stephensi

100

8

Chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile) essential oil

20% oil solutions

An. stephensi

47.6

5.5

Amerasan et al.

India

Laboratory

Cassia tora Linn methanol extract

1 mg/cm²

2.5 mg/cm²

5.0 mg/cm²

An. stephensi

100

100

100

2

2

2.5

Abiy et al.

Ethiopia

Field

20% neem oil

Neem and chinaberry oils were diluted to 20% using Niger seed (noog abyssinia) oil

An. arabiensis

71

3

20% chinaberry oil

Neem and chinaberry oils were diluted to 20% using Niger seed (noog abyssinia) oil

An. arabiensis

70

1

Alayo et al.

Nigeria

Laboratory

Cassia mimosoides petroleum ether extract

Cream 0.5% w/w

An. gambiae

48

–

Cream 1% w/w

88

–

Cream 2% w/w

100

0.08

Cream 4% w/w

100

0.08

Cream 6% w/w

100

0.08

Alwala et al.

Kenya

Laboratory

Mangifera indica essential Oil

10% solution

An. gambiae

100

–

Baskar et al.

India

Laboratory

Atalantia monophylla essential oil

50 ppm

An. stephensi

–

6.85

Govindarajan et al.

India

Laboratory

Sida acuta Burm. F. extract

2.5 mg/cm²

An. stephensi

100

2.5

5 mg/cm²

An. stephensi

100

3

Govindarajan et al.

India

Laboratory

Ervatamia coronaria extract

1 mg/cm²

2.5 mg/cm²

5 mg/cm²

An. stephensi

An. stephensi

An. stephensi

100

100

100

2.5

3

3.5

Caesalpinia pulcherrima extract

1 mg/cm²

An. stephensi

100

2

2.5 mg/cm²

An. stephensi

100

2.5

Govindarajan et al.

India

Laboratory

5 mg/cm²

An. stephensi

100

3

2.5 mg/cm²

5 mg/cm²

An. subpictus

An. subpictus

100

100

2

2.5

R. officinalis L. essential oil

1 mg/cm²

An. subpictus

100

1

2.5 mg/cm²

An. subpictus

100

1

5 mg/cm²

An. subpictus

100

1.5

C. citrates Stapf. essential oil

1 mg/cm²

An. subpictus

100

1

2.5 mg/cm²

An. subpictus

100

1.5

5 mg/cm²

An. subpictus

100

2

C. zeylanicum L. essential oil

1 mg/cm²

An. subpictus

100

1

2.5 mg/cm²

An. subpictus

100

1

5 mg/cm²

An. subpictus

100

1.5

Govindarajan et al.

India

Laboratory

Zingiber nimmonii essential oil

1 mg/cm²

An. stephensi

100

2

2 mg/cm²

An. stephensi

100

2.5

5 mg/cm²

An. stephensi

100

3

Jeyabalan et al.

India

Laboratory

P. citrosa leaf extract

0.5%

An. stephensi

36

–

1%

An. stephensi

51

–

2%

An. stephensi

78

–

4%

An. stephensi

100

–

Karunamoorthi et al.

Ethiopia

Laboratory

Woira (O. europaea) smoke

Burning of 25 g of dried plant materials

An. arabiensis

79.7

–

Tinjut (Ostostegia integrifolia) smoke

Burning of 25 g of dried plant materials

An. arabiensis

90.1

–

Wogert (Silene macroserene) smoke

Burning of 25 g of dried plant materials

An. arabiensis

93.6

–

Kebercho (Echinops sp.) extract

Burning of 25 g of dried plant materials

An. arabiensis

92.4

–

Karunamoorthi et al.

Ethiopia

Laboratory

C. citratus extract

1 mg/cm²

An. arabiensis

100

3.2

1.5 mg/cm²

An. arabiensis

100

4.4

2 mg/cm²

An. arabiensis

100

5.3

2.5 mg/cm²

An. arabiensis

100

6.3

Govindarajan et al.

India

Laboratory

Origanum scabrum essential oil

1 mg/cm²

An. stephensi

100

2.5

2 mg/cm²

An. stephensi

100

3

5 mg/cm²

An. stephensi

100

3.5

Haldar et al.

India

Laboratory

Ficus krishnae smoke

30 mg/l smoked

An. stephensi

18

0.16

60 mg/l smoked

An. stephensi

100

0.5

90 mg/l smoked

An. stephensi

100

1

Auysawasdi et al.

Thailand

Laboratory

Curcuma longa essential oil

5%

An. dirus

100

4

10%

An. dirus

100

5

15%

An. dirus

100

5.5

20%

An. dirus

100

5.5

25%

An. dirus

100

8

E. globulus essential oil

5%

An. dirus

100

1.7

10%

An. dirus

100

2.3

15%

An. dirus

100

3

20%

An. dirus

100

3

25%

An. dirus

100

3.4

Citrus aurantium essential oil

5%

An. dirus

100

1.8

10%

An. dirus

100

2.9

15%

An. dirus

100

2.9

20%

An. dirus

100

3

25%

An. dirus

100

3.5

Barnard et al.

USA

Laboratory

Clove essential oil

25%

An. albimanus

100

1.25

50%

An. albimanus

100

1.5

75%

An. albimanus

100

2.26

100%

An. albimanus

100

3.55

Thyme essential oil

25%

An. albimanus

100

0.75

50%

An. albimanus

100

0.5

75%

An. albimanus

100

1

100%

An. albimanus

100

1.75

Kweka et al.

Tanzania

Laboratory

Citronella

500 mg/m²

An. gambiae

81

–

Ocimum suave extract

500 mg/m²

An. gambiae

81

–

Ocimum kilimandscharicum extract

500 mg/m²

An. gambiae

73

–

Citronella

500 mg/m²

An. arabiensis

85

–

O. suave extract

500 mg/m²

An. arabiensis

89

–

O. kilimandscharicum extract

500 mg/m²

An. arabiensis

75

–

Kovendan et al.

India

Laboratory

A. alnifolia extract

1 mg/cm²

An. stephensi

100

2

3 mg/cm²

An. stephensi

100

2

5 mg/cm²

An. stephensi

100

2.5

Krishnappa et al.

India

Laboratory

A. digitata crude extract

2 mg/cm²

An. stephensi

100

3

4 mg/cm²

An. stephensi

100

3.5

6 mg/cm²

An. stephensi

100

3.5

Naine et al.

India

Laboratory

Streptomyces sp. VITJS4 extract

1 mg/cm²

An. stephensi

100

2

3 mg/cm²

An. stephensi

100

2

6 mg/cm²

An. stephensi

100

2

Murugan et al.

India

Laboratory

Orange peel extract

50 ppm

An. stephensi

99

–

150 ppm

An. stephensi

100

0.5

250 ppm

An. stephensi

100

0.05

350 ppm

An. stephensi

100

1.5

450 ppm

An. stephensi

100

2

Padilha et al.

Brazil

Field

Ocimum selloi oil

10% v/v

An. braziliensis

89

0.5

Konan et al.

Ivory Coast

Laboratory

Karite nut butter oil

An. gambiae

100

2

Palm oil

An. gambiae

100

1.38

Coconut oil

An. gambiae

100

0.76

Maheswaran et al.

India

Laboratory

Confertifolin essential oil

0.62 ppm

An. stephensi

100

1

1.25 ppm

An. stephensi

100

2.5

2.5 ppm

An. stephensi

100

3

5 ppm

An. stephensi

100

5

10 ppm

An. stephensi

100

5.2

Panneerselvam et al.

India

Laboratory

Andrographis paniculata methanol leaf extract

1 mg/cm²

An. stephensi

100

2

3 mg/cm²

An. stephensi

100

2.5

6 mg/cm²

An. stephensi

100

3

Cassia occidentalis methanol leaf extract

1 mg/cm²

An. stephensi

100

2

3 mg/cm²

An. stephensi

100

2.5

6 mg/cm²

An. stephensi

100

2.5

Euphorbia hirta methanol leaf extract

1 mg/cm²

An. stephensi

100

2

3 mg/cm²

An. stephensi

100

2

6 mg/cm²

An. stephensi

100

2.5

Panneerselvam et al.

India

Laboratory

Artemisia nilagirica extract

50 ppm

An. stephensi

95

0.5

150 ppm

An. stephensi

98

0.5

250 ppm

An. stephensi

100

0.5

350 ppm

An. stephensi

100

1

450 ppm

An. stephensi

100

2

Phasomkusolsil et al.

Thailand

Laboratory

Cananga odorata oil

0.02 mg/cm²

An. dirus

94

–

0.10 mg/cm²

An. dirus

92

–

0.21 mg/cm²

An. dirus

92

–

C. sinensis oil

0.02 mg/cm²

An. dirus

40

–

0.10 mg/cm²

An. dirus

54

–

0.21 mg/cm²

An. dirus

84

–

C. citratus oil

0.02 mg/cm²

An. dirus

76

–

0.10 mg/cm²

An. dirus

82

–

0.21 mg/cm²

An. dirus

98

–

Cymbopogon nardus oil

0.02 mg/cm²

An. dirus

92

–

0.10 mg/cm²

An. dirus

92

–

0.21 mg/cm²

An. dirus

98

–

E. citriodora oil

0.02 mg/cm²

An. dirus

52

–

0.10 mg/cm²

An. dirus

74

–

0.21 mg/cm²

An. dirus

86

–

O. basilicum oil

0.02 mg/cm²

An. dirus

66

–

0.10 mg/cm²

An. dirus

74

–

0.21 mg/cm²

An. dirus

96

–

S. aromaticum oil

0.02 mg/cm²

An. dirus

82

–

0.10 mg/cm²

An. dirus

92

–

0.21 mg/cm²

An. dirus

98

–

Prabhu et al.

India

Laboratory

Moringa oleifera extract

20%

An. stephensi

23

–

40%

An. stephensi

43

–

60%

An. stephensi

58

–

80%

An. stephensi

76

–

100%

An. stephensi

90

–

Rajkumar et al.

India

Laboratory

Centella asiatica essential oil

2%

An. stephensi

–

1

4%

An. stephensi

–

1.78

6%

An. stephensi

–

2.33

Ipomoea cairica essential oil

2%

An. stephensi

–

2.63

4%

An. stephensi

–

4.13

6%

An. stephensi

–

5.53

Momordica charantia essential oil

2%

An. stephensi

–

2.38

4%

An. stephensi

–

3.93

6%

An. stephensi

–

5.38

Psidium guajava essential oil

2%

An. stephensi

–

0.93

4%

An. stephensi

–

1.48

6%

An. stephensi

–

1.98

Tridax procumbens essential oil

2%

An. stephensi

–

2.33

4%

An. stephensi

–

3.78

6%

An. stephensi

–

5.28

Rajkumar et al.

India

Laboratory

Solanum trilobatum extract

0.001%

An. stephensi

100

1.15

0.005%

An. stephensi

100

1.3

0.01%

An. stephensi

100

1.51

0.015%

An. stephensi

100

1.7

0.02%

An. stephensi

100

2.03

Rawani et al.

India

Laboratory

P. tuberosa extract

1%

An. stephensi

65

2.3

1.50%

An. stephensi

80

4

2%

An. stephensi

90

5

Reegan et al.

India

Laboratory

Cliona celata extract

1 mg/cm²

An. stephensi

100

1.08

2.5 mg/cm²

An. stephensi

100

1.71

5 mg/cm²

An. stephensi

100

1.21

Swathi et al.

India

Laboratory

Datura stramonium extract

0.1%

An. stephensi

–

0.35

0.5%

An. stephensi

–

0.72

1%

An. stephensi

–

1.9

Seyoum et al.

Kenya

Semi-field

Neem (A. indica)

Periodic thermal expulsion

An. gambiae

24.5

–

Lemon eucalyptus (Corymbia citriodora)

Periodic thermal expulsion

An. gambiae

74.5

–

Wild spikenard (Hyptis suaveolens)

Periodic thermal expulsion

An. gambiae

-13.3

–

Lantana (Lantana camara)

Periodic thermal expulsion

An. gambiae

42.4

–

Fever tea (Lippia uckambensis)

Periodic thermal expulsion

An. gambiae

45.9

–

Lime basil (Ocimum americanum)

Periodic thermal expulsion

An. gambiae

43.1

–

Rican blue basil (O. kilimandscharicum)

Periodic thermal expulsion

An. gambiae

52.0

–

Tree basil (O. suave)

Periodic thermal expulsion

An. gambiae

53.1

–

Khaki weed (T. minuta)

Placing branches or whole plants inside houses

An. gambiae

54.8

–

Sanghong et al.

Thailand

Laboratory

L. sinense ethanolic preparations

25%

An. minimus

–

11.5

Das et al.

India

Laboratory

Cymbopogan martinii martinii var sofia oil

1 ml without dilution

An. sundaicus

98

6

Nour et al.

Sudan

Laboratory

Basil (O. basilicum L.) essential oil

0.1 ml

100

1.5

Trongtokit et al.

Thailand

Laboratory

C. nardus essential oil

10%

An. dirus

–

0.66

50%

–

0.5

100%

–

1.16

P. cablin essential oil

10%

An. dirus

–

1.33

50%

–

2

100%

–

2.83

Mullilam (Zanthoxylum limonella) essential oil

10%

An. dirus

–

1

50%

–

2.16

100%

–

3.16

Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) essential oil

10%

An. dirus

–

1.33

50%

–

2.66

100%

–

3.5

Yogananth et al.

India

Laboratory

R. mucronata oil

1 mg/cm²

An. stephensi

73

7.2

2 mg/cm²

An. stephensi

86

7.8

3 mg/cm²

An. stephensi

92

8.5

4 mg/cm²

An. stephensi

97

9.1

Tawatsin et al.

Thailand

Laboratory

Turmeric (C. longa) volatile oil

3 ml

An. dirus

100

6

Citronella

3 ml

An. dirus

100

6

Hairy basil oil

3 ml

An. dirus

100

6

Singh et al.

India

Laboratory

Cyperus rotundus Linn hexane extract

2.50%

An. stephensi

95

–

5%

An. stephensi

99

–

10%

An. stephensi

100

6

Mayeku et al.

Kenya

laboratory

Conyza newii essential oil

0.01 g/ml

An. gambiae

38

–

0.1 g/ml

An. gambiae

68

–

1 g/ml

An. gambiae

100

–

Phasomkusolsil et al.

Thailand

Laboratory

Phlai (Z. cassumunar) oil

100 μl

An. minimus

–

2

Turmeric (C. longa) oil

100 μl

An. minimus

–

1

Mah-Khwuaen (Z. limonella) oil

100 μl

An. minimus

–

0.66

Citronella grass (C. nardus) oil

100 μl

An. minimus

–

2.16

Orange oil (Citrus sinensis) oil

100 μl

An. minimus

–

0.83

Eucalyptus (E. citriodora) oil

100 μl

An. minimus

–

0.5

Clove (S. aromaticum) oil

100 μl

An. minimus

–

2

Trongtokit et al.

Thailand

Laboratory

Clove oil

20% gel

An. dirus

–

4.5

cream 20%

An. dirus

–

4.8

Birkett et al.

Kenya

Laboratory

N. cataria

0.01 mg

An. gambiae

17

–

0.1 mg

An. gambiae

97

–

1 mg

An. gambiae

100

–

Kamaraj et al.

India

Laboratory

A. concinna extract

500 ppm

An. stephensi

21

–

Solomon et al.

Ethiopia

Laboratory

Citronella extract

20%

An. Arabiensis

73

–

Soonwera et al.

Thailand

Laboratory

C. odorata oil

1%

An. dirus

92

–

5%

An. dirus

92

–

10%

An. dirus

94

–

Sritabutra et al.

Thailand

Laboratory

Eucalyptus (E. globules) essencial oil

0.1 ml

An. dirus

–

1.58

Peppermint (M. piperita) essencial oil

0.1 ml

An. dirus

–

1.08

Garlic (A. sativum) essencial oil

0.1 ml

An. dirus

–

0.68

Orange (C. sinensis) essencial oil

0.1 ml

An. dirus

–

0.83

Citronella grass (C. nardus) essencial oil

0.1 ml

An. dirus

–

0.8

Lemongrass (C. citratus) essencial oil

0.1 ml

An. dirus

–

1.63

Clove (S. aromaticum) essencial oil

0.1 ml

An. dirus

–

1

Sweet basil (O. basilicum) essencial oil

0.1 ml

An. dirus

–

0.75

Tavassoli et al.

iran

Laboratory

Marigold (Calendula officinalis) essential oil

50%

An. stephensi

–

2.15

Myrtle essential oil

50%

An. stephensi

–

4.36

Younoussa et al.

Cameroon

Laboratory

Annona senegalensis leaf extract

4.0 mg/cm²

An. gambiae

–

0.5

8.0 mg/cm²

An. gambiae

–

1

12.0 mg/cm²

An. gambiae

–

1.5

Boswellia dalzielii leaf extract

4.0 mg/cm²

An. gambiae

46

8.0 mg/cm²

An. gambiae

–

0.5

12.0 mg/cm²

An. gambiae

–

1

Govindarajan et al.

India

Laboratory

Coccinia indica extract

1 mg/cm²

An. stephensi

100

3

2.5 mg/cm²

An. stephensi

100

3

5 mg/cm²

An. stephensi

100

3.5

Govindarajan et al.

India

Laboratory

Cardiospermum halicacabum oil

1 mg/cm²

An. stephensi

100

2

2.5 mg/cm²

An. stephensi

100

2.5

5 mg/cm²

An. stephensi

100

3

Govindarajan et al.

India

Laboratory

Asparagus racemosus crude extract

1 mg/cm²

An. stephensi

100

2.5

2 mg/cm²

An. stephensi

100

2.5

5 mg/cm²

An. stephensi

100

3

Govindarajan et al.

India

Laboratory

Delonix elata crude extract

1 mg/cm²

An. stephensi

100

2.5

2.5 mg/cm²

An. stephensi

100

3

5 mg/cm²

An. stephensi

100

3.5

Innocent et al.

Kenya

Laboratory

Uvariodendron gorgonis essential oil

0.01 w/v

An. gambiae

29

–

0.1 w/v

An. gambiae

48

–

1 w/v

An. gambiae

57

–

10 w/v

An. gambiae

64

–

Clausena anisata essential oil

0.01 w/v

An. gambiae

13

–

0.1 w/v

An. gambiae

21

–

1 w/v

An. gambiae

42

–

10 w/v

An. gambiae

56

–

Lantana vibunoides essential oil

0.01 w/v

An. gambiae

26

–

0.1 w/v

An. gambiae

46

–

1 w/v

An. gambiae

54

–

10 w/v

An. gambiae

62

–

Kumar et al.

India

Laboratory

Sargassum wightii Greville methanolic extract

2 mg/l

An. sundaicus

26

–

4 mg/l

An. sundaicus

40

–

6 mg/l

An. sundaicus

57

–

8 mg/l

An. sundaicus

71

–

10 mg/l

An. sundaicus

89

–

Madhiyazhagan et al.

India

Laboratory

O. canum extract

0.49 mg/l

An. stephensi

63

–

0.99 mg/l

An. stephensi

77

–

1.99 mg/l

An. stephensi

86

–