Fig. 4

Contribution of various model components to the risk. Contributions to the overall malaria risk. a Overall risk \(R_{st}\) due to combined effect of climatic, non-climatic covariates and non-observed covariates, b explained risk, \(\exp (x_{st}^\prime \beta )\) due to observed climatic and non-climatic covariates, c unexplained risk, \(\exp (U_{st})\) due to unobserved effects only