Indoor residual spraying for malaria control in sub-Saharan Africa 1997 to 2017: an adjusted retrospective analysis

Table 1 The main classes of insecticides used for IRS

Insecticide class	Representative compounds	Residual activity (months) [10]	Proportional costs^a	Insecticide resistance in sub-Saharan Africa [49, 50]^b
Organochlorines	DDT	6 to 12	1	+++
Pyrethroids	Alpha-cypermethrin, deltamethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin	3 to 6	2.5	+++
Organophosphates	Malathion, pirimiphos-methyl	2 to 6	6	+
Carbamates	Bendiocarb, propoxur	2 to 6	10	++
Neonicotinoids	Clothianidin	3 to 8	ND	–

ND no data
^aProportional costs to spray 250 m² at WHO recommended target dosage according to data obtained from Oxborough, 2016 [16]. Costs are exemplary and exclude costs of shipping, disposal of insecticides and environmental precautions
^bMalaria vector resistance spread in Sub-Saharan Africa, identified by standard WHO susceptibility tests (-) unknown, (+) < 25% tests show resistance, (++) 25–50% tests show resistance, (+++) > 50% tests show resistance

ISSN: 1475-2875