Table 3 Association between individual and household characteristics with Plasmodium infections
Characteristic | Infected by Plasmodium | Crude PRa | Adjusted PRb | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No | Yes | PR | IC 95% | PR | IC 95% | |||||||
n | % | n | % | |||||||||
Individual factors | ||||||||||||
Sex | ||||||||||||
Female | 368 | 97.1 | 11 | 2.9 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Male | 315 | 94.3 | 19 | 5.7 | 1.95 | 0.95 | – | 4.02 | 2.38 | 1.07 | – | 5.31 |
Age | ||||||||||||
Median (IQR) | 20 | (10–37) | 17 | (11–29) | 0.99 | 0.97 | – | 1.01 | 0.99 | 0.97 | – | 1.01 |
Age | ||||||||||||
< 5 | 67 | 95.7 | 3 | 4.3 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
5–15 | 209 | 95.0 | 11 | 5.0 | 1.29 | 0.36 | – | 4.61 | 0.93 | 0.20 | – | 4.48 |
> 15 | 405 | 96.2 | 16 | 3.8 | 0.94 | 0.27 | – | 3.22 | 0.68 | 0.15 | – | 3.07 |
Residence time in endemic region | ||||||||||||
Median (IQR) | 10 | (4–20) | 12 | (6–20) | 1.00 | 0.97 | – | 1.03 | 1 | 0.97 | – | 1.03 |
Residence time in endemic region | ||||||||||||
< 5 years | 172 | 97.7 | 4 | 2.3 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
≥ 5 years | 502 | 95.8 | 22 | 4.2 | 1.64 | 0.57 | – | 4.70 | 1.83 | 0.55 | – | 6.08 |
Number of episodes of symptomatic malaria | ||||||||||||
Median (IQR) | 1 | (0–3) | 2 | (0–4) | 1.02 | 0.99 | – | 1.06 | 1.01 | 0.98 | – | 1.05 |
0 | 270 | 96.8 | 9 | 3.2 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
1 | 120 | 96.8 | 4 | 3.2 | 0.98 | 0.30 | – | 3.21 | 0.75 | 0.19 | – | 2.92 |
> 1 | 293 | 94.5 | 17 | 5.5 | 1.77 | 0.78 | – | 4.03 | 1.55 | 0.59 | – | 4.10 |
Self-report of malaria history | ||||||||||||
0 | 270 | 96.8 | 9 | 3.2 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
≥ 1 | 413 | 95.2 | 21 | 4.8 | 1.53 | 0.70 | – | 3.36 | 1.26 | 0.50 | – | 3.19 |
Participants living in the indigenous community | ||||||||||||
No | 279 | 99.6 | 1 | 0.4 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Yes | 404 | 93.3 | 29 | 6.7 | 20.77 | 2.14 | – | 201.12 | 17.86 | 2.12 | – | 150.19 |
Use of bed net | ||||||||||||
Yes | 638 | 95.7 | 29 | 4.3 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
No | 42 | 97.7 | 1 | 2.3 | 0.44 | 0.05 | – | 4.10 | 0.51 | 0.06 | – | 4.14 |
Household factors | ||||||||||||
Number of inhabitants per household | ||||||||||||
Median (IQR) | 5 | (4–6) | 4 | (4–7) | 1.08 | 0.90 | – | 1.31 | 1.05 | 0.88 | – | 1.27 |
1–4 | 280 | 96.9 | 9 | 3.1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
≥ 5 | 381 | 94.8 | 21 | 5.2 | 1.47 | 0.62 | – | 3.44 | 1.38 | 0.59 | – | 3.20 |
Participants who have animals in their households | ||||||||||||
No | 24 | 96.0 | 1 | 4.0 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Yes | 650 | 95.7 | 29 | 4.3 | 0.88 | 0.12 | 6.51 | 0.79 | 0.10 | – | 5.97 | |
Participants who drain standing water in their households | ||||||||||||
Yes | 97 | 99.0 | 1 | 1.0 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
No | 577 | 95.2 | 29 | 4.8 | 3.99 | 0.48 | – | 32.88 | 3.90 | 0.49 | 30.78 | |
Participants who have access to electricity in their households | ||||||||||||
Yes | 518 | 97.7 | 12 | 2.3 | 1.00 | 1 | ||||||
No | 154 | 89.5 | 18 | 10.5 | 4.94 | 2.17 | 11.28 | 4.62 | 1.89 | – | 11.32 | |
Participants who have access to water in their households | ||||||||||||
Yes | 56 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
No | 618 | 95.4 | 30 | 4.6 | CNAc | CNA | ||||||
Participants who have access to sewage system in their households | ||||||||||||
Yes | 18 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
No | 656 | 95.6 | 30 | 4.4 | CNA | CNA | ||||||