Table 2 Common active ingredients found in the agricultural pesticides in the study locality
Pesticide type | Active ingredient (s) | N | % | Chemical class |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Insecticides (N = 62) | Abamectin | 4 | 6.5 | Macrocyclic lactones |
Alphacypermethrin | 3 | 4.8 | Pyrethroids | |
Carbaryl and permethrin | 1 | 1.6 | Carbamates and pyrethroids | |
Carbofuran | 1 | 1.6 | N-methyl carbamate Ib | |
Carbaryl and lambda-cyhalothrin | 2 | 3.2 | Carbamates and pyrethroids | |
Chlorpyrifos | 5 | 8.1 | Organophosphates | |
Cypermethrin | 1 | 1.6 | Pyrethroids | |
Cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos | 1 | 1.6 | Pyrethroids and organophosphates | |
Cypermethrin and imidacloprid | 3 | 4.8 | Pyrethroids and neonicotinoids | |
Deltamethrin | 1 | 1.6 | Pyrethroids | |
Diazinon | 2 | 3.2 | Organophosphates | |
Dichlorvos | 3 | 4.8 | Organophosphates | |
Dimethoate | 1 | 1.6 | Organophosphates | |
Fenitrothion and deltamethrin | 3 | 4.8 | Organophosphates and pyrethroids | |
Fipronil | 1 | 1.6 | Phenylpyrazole | |
Imidacloprid | 3 | 4.8 | Neonicotinoids | |
Imidacloprid and beta-cyfluthrin | 2 | 3.2 | Neonicotinoids and pyrethroids | |
Lambda-cyhalothrin | 11 | 17.7 | Pyrethroids | |
Lambda-cyhalothrin and acetamiprid | 1 | 1.6 | Neonicotinoids and pyrethroids | |
Malathion | 1 | 1.6 | Organophosphates | |
Permethrin | 1 | 1.6 | Pyrethroids | |
Pirimiphos-methyl | 2 | 3.2 | Organophosphates | |
Pirimiphos-methyl and permethrin | 3 | 4.8 | Organophosphates and pyrethroids | |
Pirimiphos-methyl and thiamethoxam | 1 | 1.6 | Organophosphates and neonicotinoids | |
Profenofos | 5 | 8.1 | Organophosphates | |
Herbicide (N = 29) | Bispyribac sodium | 1 | 3.5 | Bispyribac sodium |
S-metolachlor and atrazine | 1 | 3.5 | Triazines | |
Amine salt | 4 | 13.8 | Aryloxyacides | |
Atrazine | 1 | 3.5 | Dinitroanilines | |
Glyphosate | 17 | 58.6 | Amino-phosphonates | |
Paraquat | 4 | 13.8 | Pyridines | |
Triclopyr | 1 | 3.5 | Pyridines | |
Fungicide (N = 11) | Monopotassium and dipotassium phosphonates | 1 | 9.1 | Phosphonic acid |
Chlorothalonil | 3 | 27.3 | Organochlorine | |
Mancozeb | 1 | 9.1 | Dithiocarbamate | |
Mancozeb and cymoxanil | 1 | 9.1 | Acylalanine and dithiocarbamate | |
Metalaxyl and mancozeb | 5 | 45.5 | Dithiocarbamate and acylalanine | |
Insecticide + fungicide (N = 2) | Imidacloprid, metalaxyl and carbendazim | 2 | 100 | Neonicotinoids, acylalanine and benzimidazole |