Table 1 Characteristic of included studies
From: Correlation between anti-malarial and anti-haemozoin activities of anti-malarial compounds
Author/Year/Country | Chemical groups | Plasmodium falciparum strain | Anti-hemozoin assay | Correlation test | Correlation results | Risk of bias |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acharya/2010/India [21] | Pyrazoline | Chloroquine-sensitive MRC-02 | High concentration of acetate | Pearson’s r | r = 0.62a | Reliable without restrictions |
Pyrazoline (+chloroquine) | r = 0.63a | |||||
Pyrazoline | Chloroquine resistant RKL9 | r = 0.54a | ||||
Pyrazoline (+chloroquine) | r = 0.40a | |||||
Andayi/2013/South Africa [22] | Quinoline (chloroquine deprotected analogues) | Chloroquine sensitive 3D7 | Heat-induced β-haematin | R2 | R2 = 0.92 | Reliable with restrictions |
Spearman | ρ = 0.595 (p = 0.12) | |||||
Chloroquine resistant W2 | R2 | R2 = 0.95 | ||||
Spearman | ρ = 0.976 (p = 0.00003) | |||||
Chloroquine resistant K1 | Spearman | ρ = 0.643 (p = 0.119) | ||||
Quinoline (chloroquine benzylated analogues) | Chloroquine sensitive 3D7 | R2 | R2 = 0.96 | |||
Spearman | ρ = 0.464 (p = 0.294) | |||||
Chloroquine resistant W2 | R2 | R2 = 0.93 | ||||
Spearman | ρ = 0.821 (p = 0.023) | |||||
Chloroquine resistant K1 | Spearman | ρ = 0.571 (p = 0.139) | ||||
Quinoline (chloroquine methoxy analogues) | Chloroquine resistant W2 | Spearman | ρ = -0.600 (p = 0.6) | |||
Hawley/1998/UK [23] | Quinoline | Chloroquine sensitive 3D7 | Preformed β-haemozoin | Pearson’s r | r = 0.81 | Reliable with restrictions |
Chloroquine resistant K1 | r = 0.17 | |||||
Burgess/2010/USA [30] | Quinoline (Reversed chloroquinolines) | Chloroquine sensitive D6 | Tween 20-induced β-haematin | R2 | R2 = 0.66 | Not reliable |
Spearman | ρ = 0.476 (p = 0.233) | |||||
Chloroquine resistant Dd2 | Spearman | ρ = 0.574 (p = 0.183) | ||||
Chloroquine resistant 7G8 | Spearman | ρ = 0.333 (p = 0.42) | ||||
Vennerstrom/1998/USA [34] | Biquinolines | Chloroquine sensitive D6 | Preformed β-haemozoin | Pearson’s r | r = 0.29 | Not reliable |
Chloroquine resistant W2 | r = 0.55 | |||||
Chloroquine sensitive D6 Chloroquine resistant W2 | r = 0.57 | |||||
Chloroquine sensitive D6 | Spearman | ρ = 0.376 (p = 0.254) | ||||
Chloroquine resistant W2 | ρ = 0.67 (p = 0.024) | |||||
Chloroquine sensitive D6 Chloroquine resistant W2 | ρ = 0.519 (p = 0.013) | |||||
Dorn/1998/Switzerland [31] | Quinolines, quinacrine and halofantrine | Quinoline sensitive NF54 | Preformed β-haemozoin | Pearson’s r | r = 0.919 (p = 0.003) | Reliable with restrictions |
Kaschula/2002/South Africa [32] | Quinoline | Chloroquine sensitive D10 | High concentration of acetate - | R2 | R2 = 0.83a | Reliable with restrictions |
Chloroquine sensitive D10 | Spearman | ρ = 0.919a | ||||
Ignatushchenko/1997/USA [35] | Xanthone | Chloroquine sensitive D6 | Phosphate-induced β-haematin | Spearman | ρ = 0.886 (p = 0.019) | Reliable with restrictions |
Guetzoyan/2009/France [24] | Acridine | Chloroquine sensitive 3D7 | High concentration of acetate | Spearman | ρ = 0.095 (p = 0.823) | Reliable with restrictions |
Chloroquine sensitive W2 | ρ = 0.299 (p = 0.471) | |||||
Chloroquine resistant FCR3 | ρ = 0.381 (p = 0.352) | |||||
Chloroquine resistant Bre1 | ρ = 0.261 (p = 0.531) | |||||
Sandlin/2014/USA [33] | Quinoline 4-benzamidopyridine Quinazoline Phenyl benzamides Nicotinamide Carbazole Miscellaneous compounds | Chloroquine sensitive D6 | NP-40-induced β-haematin | Spearman | ρ = 0.35 (p = 0.322) | Reliable with restrictions |
Chloroquine sensitive C235 | ρ = 0.139 (p = 701) |