Table 4 Changes in knowledge, perceptions, practices about malaria versus school-based exposure, rural settings of Jimma zone, Ethiopia, 2017–2019 (Baseline, n = 762; End-line, n = 759)
Key variables | Change over intervention periods | Statistical tests | Students’ education coverage and messages | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline | End-line | Effect size (ES) | Exposure status | Contents intensity | ||
No (%) | No (%) |  % (95% CI) | t/x2(p-value) | Odds ratio-OR (95% CI) | ß coefficient (95%CI) | |
Knowledge | ||||||
 Comprehensive knowledge | 185 (24.3) | 297 (39.1) | +14.8 (7.8, 20.1) | 38.54 (< 0.001) | 1.39 (0.74, 2.6) | 1.82 (1.41, 2.62)* |
 Critical signs: feeling cold | 588 (77.3) | 573 (75.6) | − 1.7 (− 2.3, +2.9) | 0.59 (0.442) | 1.14 (0.50, 2.57) | 3.71 (− 11.25, 18.66) |
 Critical signs: fever | 456 (59.9) | 567 (74.9) | +15.0 (12.3, 18.8) | 38.75 (< 0.001) | 1.10(0.52, 2.28) | 4.63 (2.79,11.43)* |
 Critical signs: headache | 480 (63.1) | 514 (67.8) | +3.9 (− 1.5, +6.6) | 3.77 (0.052) | 1.06(0.54, 2.07) | 7.62 (− 3.90,19.15) |
 Cause of malaria: mosquito bites | 404 (53.2) | 560 (74.0) | +20.8 (15.6, 26.8) | 70.96 (< 0.001) | 0.93 (0.47, 1.82) | 6.14 (− 4.96,17.79) |
 Causes: misconceptions | 663 (82.5) | 338 (44.6) | − 37.9 (− 44.9,− 31.0) | − 10.75 (< 0.001) | 1.41 (0.80, 2.48) | − 11.46 (− 19.94,− 2.99)* |
 Most at risk: pregnant women | 582 (76.7) | 586 (77.4) | +0.7 (− 0.6, +1.4) | 0.16 (0.735) | 0.89 (0.47, 1.71) | − 4.16 (− 14.97, 6.64) |
 Most at risk: < 5 years old children | 672 (88.5) | 564 (74.4) | − 13.9 (− 18.3, − 6.7) | 50.18 (0.006) | 0.87(0.45, 1.69) | 5.54 (− 17.76,4.17) |
 ITN protect from malaria | 429 (56.6) | 597(78.8) | +22.2 (17.0, 27.1) | 85.11(< 0.001) | 1.93 (1.02, 3.76)* | 3.32 (− 8.80,15.44) |
 Knowledge of how to care ITN | – | 359 (47.5) | – | – | 1.23 (1.12, 1.41)* | 24.79 (5.01, 49.12)* |
 Fill puddles/stagnant water | 625 (82.5) | 342 (45.2) | − 37.3 (− 43.2, − 31.0) | 228.0 (< 0.001) | 0.77 (0.41,1.43) | − 3.41 (− 14.27,7.45) |
Perceptions and attitude | ||||||
 Perceived Threat (PT) | 513 (67.3) | 494 (65.1) | − 2.2 (− 2.8, − 1.7) |  6.72 (0.012) | 0.98 (0.97, 0.99)* | − 0.19 (− 0,38,− 0.01) |
 Attitude (overall control measures) | 725(95.2) | 694 (91.4) | − 3.8 (− 6.0, − 1.6) |  − 9.34 (0.004) | 0.97 (0.96, 0.98)* | − 0.17 (− 0.32,− 0.02)* |
 Attitude towards (ITN) | 406 (53.3) | 592 (78.2) | 24.9(23.4,26.5) |  34.04 (< 0.001) | 1.04 (1.03, 1.05)* | 0.20 (0.07,0.34)* |
 Self-Efficacy (overall measures) | 556 (72.9) | 617 (81.3) | +8.4 (8.3, 8.5) |  7.97 (< 0.001) | 1.01 (1.004, 1.02)* | 0.02 (− 0.11,0.15) |
 Perceived efficacy (overall) | 643 (84.0) | 655 (86.3) | +2.3 (1.7, 3.3) | 10.31 (< 0.001) | 1.00 (0.99, 1.01) | − 0.08 (− 0,25,1.00) |
 Perceived efficacy (ITN) | 480 (63.0) | 606 (79.8) | +16.8 (15.3, 18.2) | 23.00 (< 0.001) | 1.04 (1.02, 1.05)* | 0.15(− 0.02,0.32) |
 Message acceptance (overall) | 564 (74.2) | 640 (84.2) | +10.0 (4.0, 16.0) | 8.79 (0.01) | 1.10 (0.95,1.30) | 7.52 (4.12, 12.70)* |
 ITN message acceptance | 450 (59.0) | 655 (86.3) | +27.3(25.1,29.5) | 24.52 (< 0.001) | 1.02(1.016, 1.03)* | 8.08 (2.02,14.15)* |
Practices | ||||||
 People who slept under ITN | 1497 (37.2) | 2369 (63.0) | +25.8 (23.8,27.9) |  23.53 (< 0.001) | 1.85 (1.40, 2.42)* | 8.16 (2.61, 13.70)* |
 < 5 years children slept under ITN# | 340 (53.9) | 410 (70.2) | +16.3 (4.8, 29.7) | 9.34 (0.01) | 2.00(0.13, 31.98) | 28.57(− 26.68,83.82) |
 Pregnant women slept under ITN## | 12 (46.2) | 22 (71.0) | +24.8 (7.3, 43.2) |  4.21 (0.01) | 2.98 (1.14,7.84)* | 6.80 (− 12.98,56.14) |
 Treatment seeking for fever ** | 70 (67.3) | 518 (3.6) | +16.3 (11.4, 22.7) |  5.23 (0.02) | 1.05 (0.41,2.70) | 1.62 (− 11,81,15.05) |
 Early treatment seeking for fever | 18 (25.7) | 21 (41.2) | +15.5 (5.3, 24.6) |  3.22 (0.04) | 1.41 (0.51,3.88) | − 5.36 (− 20.52,9.81) |
 Used any drug for fever | 74 (71.2) | 52 (85.2) | +14.1 (7.8, 21.1) |  4.23 (0.03) | 1.53 (0.55, 4.22) | − 2.98 (− 11.79,11.84) |
 Anti− malarial drug adherence*** | 4 (28.6) | 5 (50.0) | +21.4 (− 12.5, +54.7) |  3.12 (0.273) | 0.43 (0.16,1.29) | − 0.79 (− 17.61,16.04) |
 Cleaning: Surrounding### | – | 80 (10.5) | – | – | 0.72 (0.41,1.33) | 2.57 (− 8.40, 13.55) |
 Cleaning: Compound#### | – | 127 (16.7) | – | – | 1.12 (0.63,1.82) | − 1.50 (− 10.66,7.66) |
 HH’s safe handling of IRS **** | 4 (10.5) | 79 (71.8) | +61.3 (44.0, 71.1) |  53.56 (< 0.001) | 3.94 (1.63,9.53)* | 6.67 (− 9.50, 22.84) |