Table 3 Factors associated with malaria parasitaemia at first antenatal clinic attendance in the middle belt of Ghana
Factors | Malaria Parasitaemia | COR | 95% CI | Overall p-value | AOR | 95% CI | Overall p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total (N = 1647) n | Present (N = 338) n (%) | Absent (N = 1309) n (%) | |||||||
Age, years | |||||||||
 < 25 | 582 | 183 (31.4) | 399 (68.6) | 1 |  | < 0.001 | 1 |  | 0.001 |
 ≥ 25 | 1065 | 155 (14.6) | 910 (85.4) | 0.37 | 0.29-0.47 |  | 0.57 | 0.41–0.79 |  |
Gestation age, weeksa | |||||||||
 < 18 | 1111 | 222 (20.0) | 889 (80.0) | 1 |  | 0.394 |  |  |  |
 ≥ 18 | 518 | 113 (21.8) | 405 (78.2) | 1.12 | 0.87–1.44 |  |  |  |  |
Education | |||||||||
 No education | 479 | 108 (22.6) | 371 (77.4) | 1 |  | 0.009 | 1 |  | 0.041 |
 Primary | 285 | 66 (23.2) | 219 (76.8) | 1.04 | 0.73–1.47 |  | 0.87 | 0.60–1.26 |  |
 Junior High | 540 | 115 (21.3) | 425 (78.7) | 0.93 | 0.69–1.25 |  | 0.73 | 0.52–1.03 |  |
 High School or above | 343 | 49 (14.3) | 294 (85.7) | 0.57 | 0.40–0.83 |  | 0.53 | 0.33–0.83 |  |
HH SES | |||||||||
 Most poor | 330 | 105 (31.8) | 225 (68.2) | 1 |  | < 0.001 | 1 |  | < 0.001 |
 More poor | 329 | 65 (19.8) | 264 (80.2) | 0.53 | 0.37–0.75 |  | 0.42 | 0.33–0.71 |  |
 Poor | 330 | 74 (22.4) | 256 (77.6) | 0.62 | 0.44–0.88 |  | 0.61 | 0.42–0.90 |  |
 Less poor | 327 | 59 (18.0) | 268 (82.0) | 0.47 | 0.33–0.68 |  | 0.51 | 0.34–0.78 |  |
 Least poor | 331 | 35 (10.6) | 296 (89.4) | 0.25 | 0.17–0.39 |  | 0.34 | 0.21–0.54 |  |
Marital status | |||||||||
 Married | 1218 | 215 (17.7) | 1003 (82.4) | 1 |  | < 0.001 | 1 |  | 0.102 |
 Not married | 429 | 123 (28.7) | 306 (71.3) | 1.88 | 1.45–2.42 |  | 1.30 | 0.95–1.78 |  |
Profession | |||||||||
 No profession | 392 | 107 (27.3) | 285 (72.7) | 1 |  | < 0.001 | 1 |  | 0.213 |
 Professional teacher, clerical, secretary | 83 | 5 (6.0) | 78 (94.0) | 0.17 | 0.07–0.43 |  | 0.44 | 0.16–1.20 |  |
 Trader, food seller | 510 | 70 (13.7) | 440 (86.3) | 0.42 | 0.30–0.59 |  | 0.67 | 0.46–0.97 |  |
 Seamstress, hairdresser, | 258 | 57 (22.1) | 201 (77.9) | 0.76 | 0.52–1.09 |  | 0.88 | 0.59–1.32 |  |
 Farmer/labourer | 348 | 83 (23.9) | 265 (76.1) | 0.83 | 0.60–1.16 |  | 0.88 | 0.60–1.29 |  |
 Other | 56 | 16 (28.6) | 40 (71.4) | 1.07 | 0.57–1.98 |  | 1.08 | 0.60–2.09 |  |
Religion | |||||||||
 Christian | 1210 | 255 (21.1) | 955 (78.9) | 1 |  | 0.392 |  |  |  |
 Muslim | 364 | 66 (18.1) | 298 (81.9) | 0.83 | 0.61–1.12 |  |  |  |  |
 None/others | 73 | 17 (23.3) | 56 (76.7) | 1.14 | 0.65–1.99 |  |  |  |  |
Gravidity | |||||||||
 Primigravidae | 353 | 110 (31.2) | 243 (68.8) | 1 |  | < 0.001 | 1 |  | 0.002 |
 Secundigravidae | 391 | 91 (23.3) | 300 (76.7) | 0.67 | 0.48–0.93 |  | 0.78 | 0.55–1.11 |  |
 Multigravidae | 903 | 137 (15.2) | 766 (84.8) | 0.40 | 0.30–0.53 |  | 0.50 | 0.33–0.74 |  |
ITN use | |||||||||
 No | 559 | 102 (18.3) | 457 (81.8) | 1 |  | 0.100 | 1 |  |  |
 Yes | 1088 | 236 (21.7) | 852 (78.3) | 1.24 | 0.96–1.61 |  | 1.43 | 1.09–1.89 | 0.010 |